近期收到业界同行因船员开、关舱操作失误，而导致舱盖脱轨、碰撞岸上装货机输送带、存放在舱盖抓斗倾倒、舱盖凹陷，以及因为舱盖安全插销未插到位或未拔出所产生的损坏事故等等。与开、关舱操作有关的案例，公司整理提供给大家参考、学习、引以为鉴。从操作流程入手，规范操作，注重细节，防患于未然,规避类似事件再次发生,确保船舶航行和靠泊安全,顺利完成航次任务。

    Recently, hatch cover damage accidents caused by the misoperation of opening and closing resulting in the derailment of the hatch cover, the collision with the conveyor belt of the cargo plane on the shore, the tipping of the storage hatch cover grab, the depression of the hatch cover, and the failure to insert or pull out the safety pin of the hatch cover are reported. We collect all cases and issue for reference and learning. Start with the operation process, please standardize the operation, pay attention to details, prevent incidents from happening again and again, ensure the safe navigation and berthing to successfully complete the task.

一. 事故案例 Incidents

1. 某轮在航行中备舱,因船员没有固定舱盖,大风浪导致左侧舱盖滑到右侧；

While preparing hold during navigation, due to not lash properly the left hatch cover slipped to the right by strong wind and waves;

2.开舱的时候，由于船舶左右摇晃，导致开舱过程中舱盖失控损坏；

When opened the hatch, the ship swing from side to side, which caused the hatch cover damaged out of control.

3.开舱过程中,没有注意到舱盖滚轮异常,强行开舱导致舱盖滚轮脱轨;

In the process of opening the hatch, no abnormal hatch cover roller was noticed, forcing the hatch cover roller to go off the track;

4.关舱时没有注意到岸上货物传送带还在货舱中，舱盖碰撞传送带致其受损。次日开舱时又忽视岸上放置在舱盖上的抓斗，导致开舱时抓斗倒下，舱盖轻微凹陷。

Did not notice that the cargo conveyor belt on shore was still in the cargo hold when closed, hatch cover collided with the conveyor belt and caused damage to it. The next day, when the hatch was opened, the clamps placed on the hatch cover were ignored, resulting in the clamps falling and the hatch cover being slightly dented.

5.靠泊后工头与工人上船检查货吊及舱盖设备，发现其中一个舱盖打开后，安全销眼环变形无法插入安全销（safety pin），以及舱盖基座铜板变形，拒绝开工卸货，导致船期损失及紧急维修费用。

After berthing, the foreman and workers went aboard to check the cargo crane and hatch cover equipment, and found that after one hatch cover was opened, the safety pin eye ring was deformed and the safety pin could not be inserted, and the copper plate base was deformed. Refusing to start unloading resulting in loss of ship schedule and emergency maintenance costs.

二. 事故原因分析 Analysis

1.船舶在大风浪开舱作业，没有对舱盖进行必须的固定和评估大风浪对舱盖的影响，导致舱盖移位；

The ship does not fix the hatch cover and evaluate the influence of heavy wind and waves, results in the hatch cover shifting.

2. 操作人员作业前未检查货舱内、外、轨道及周围环境有无障碍物，导致碰撞障碍物；

Without checking whether there are obstacles inside, outside and surroundings before operation, resulting in collision with obstacles;

3. 船员没有严格遵照船舶开舱操作步骤和注意事项，在船舶倾斜超过船舶开舱极限范围的情况下开舱，导致舱盖变形和滚轮轴断开；

Without strictly following the operation procedures and precautions, open cover when  ship swing exceeded the limit range resulting in the deformation of the hatch cover and the disconnection of the roller shaft;

4.操作人员在开舱操作过程中，没有注意到舱盖滚轮运行状况和舱盖异常情况，继续开舱操作，导致舱盖滚轮脱离轨道。

In the process of opening the hatch, the operator did not notice the operating condition of the roller and the hatch cover, continued opening resulted in the falling off the track.

究其根源，所有船上险情和事故，并不是简单的操作失误，也不是简单的“不小心”，操作失误仅仅是结果与表相，而背后深层次的根源，是船上规范管理的疏失，是个人行为习惯的不良，船上人员没有安全意识，管理人员和关键人员没有对开关舱操作人员进行培训、指导。

The root cause of all the dangerous situations and accidents on board is not a simple operation error, nor is it a simple "carelessness". The operation error is only the result and the appearance, and the deep root behind it is the negligence of the standard management, the poor behavior habits, and the personnel on board have no safety awareness. Management personnel and key personnel did not train and guide the operators.

三、开、关舱作业风险评估 Risk Assessment

1. 检查船舶是否有过度倾斜，如吃水差或横倾过大，事先必须做好防范措施。必要时应调整压舱水，以防操作中发生出轨事故。确认舱盖上、下和堆放舱盖处无人、无杂物、无障碍物，并确认制动销全部拔出，检查是否有人员将手脚放于舱盖、导轨上，人员是否在钢丝绳、链条、舱盖可能造成危险的范围；

Check whether the ship has excessive tilt, such as big trim or excessive heeling, and then take preventive measures in advance. Ballast water should be adjusted if necessary to prevent derailment accidents. Make sure that no one, no debris, and no obstacles are left on, under, and in the places where the hatches are stacked, and that the brake pins are all pulled out. Check whether there are hands or feet put on the hatches and guide rails, and whether the personnel are in the dangerous range of wire ropes, chains, and hatches;

2. 作业过程存在卡死、扭曲、运动不畅等故障风险，会造成舱盖成“八”字形状态，严禁到舱盖上面或下面以及舱盖危及的范围内；

There are risk of failure such as stuck, twisted, poor movement, which will cause the hatch cover to form an "eight" shape state. Strictly prohibited to go above or below the hatch cover and within the scope of the danger;

3. 舱盖在导轨上运行是否平稳（不能有扭曲），尤其是雨天紧急关舱时更要谨慎操作；

Whether the cover runs smoothly on the guide rail (without distortion), especially emergency close in raining to operate with caution;

4. 作业过程存在液压管爆裂风险，人员需要提前做好防污染措施。

There is a risk of hydraulic pipe bursting during the operation, which needs to take anti-pollution measures in advance.

四. 开关舱操作提醒 Kind reminder

1. 作业前应对开关舱设备、索具、属具进行全面的检查，确认所有舱盖CLEAT清爽，舱盖压条清爽，才开启电源，保证作业顺利进行。如发现机械声音异常、制动不灵、滑轮不活络、索具、钢丝绳不合规格等有碍操作安全的情况时，应及时修理，严禁凑合使用；

Before operation, the equipment, rigging and fittings of the switch compartment should be comprehensively checked to ensure that all cleats and batten are clear, and the power supply should be turned on to ensure smooth operation. If any abnormal mechanical sound found, the brake is not working, the pulley is not active, the rigging, the wire rope is not up to specification and other conditions that hinder the operation safety, it should be repaired in time, and it is strictly prohibited to use it by chance;

2.航行中因备舱或其他工作需要开舱，请综合考虑并进行评估风险，尤其需要考虑船舶摇晃度是否符合开舱条件，避免在船舶摇摆时进行操作。有船舶摇晃大，冒险开舱导致舱盖脱轨，甚至甩到主甲板的事故。若天气状况许可开舱时，舱盖打开后，请务必对舱盖进行必要的固定和加固，值班驾驶员同时监控船舶附近海况，确保船舶航行安全和舱盖安全。在港时注意不可在该舱装、卸货时同时进行该舱的操作；

If the cover needs to be opened during the voyage for preparation of the holds or other work, please consider and evaluate the risk comprehensively, especially whether the ship's rolling degree meets the conditions for opening the cover, and avoid operation when the ship is swaying. There have been accidents in which the ship has shaken large, resulting in the derailing and even being dropped to the main deck. If the weather conditions permit, after being opened, it is necessary to fix and strengthen the cover and the officer on duty will monitor the sea conditions nearby as well to ensure the safe navigation and the safety of the hatch cover. When in port, it should be noted that the operation of the cover shall not be carried out at the same time of loading/unloading.

3. 所有参加开关舱作业人员，必须将劳保用品穿戴齐全，并对本船舱盖的结构、性能，各制动销的位置，链条（如有）的正确走向，开关舱的作业程序，危险部位作业的防护措施以及相互间联系信号了解清楚。开启舱盖操作前，应严格依据按照公司规范和船舶开舱操作步骤要求做好各项准备工作,检查船舶是否有倾斜，舱盖固定螺栓（CLEAT）是否全部松开（船上经常发生把CLEAT拉断的事故）。如船舶的横倾度、吃水差过大，建议调整到一定的平衡度后，再进行开启；

All personnel participating in the operation of the hatch cover must wear complete PPEs, and understand the structure and performance of the cover, the position of each brake pin, the correct direction of the chain (if any), the operation procedure, the protective measures for the operation of dangerous parts and the contact signals between each other. Before opening the hatch cover, all preparations should be made in strict accordance with the company's specifications and the requirements of the ship's opening procedures, to check whether the ship is tilted and whether the hatch cover fixing bolts (CLEAT) are fully loosened (CLEAT is often pulled off accidents on board). If the ship's heeling degree or trim are too large, it is recommended to adjust to a certain balance before opening;

4. 开、关舱操作务必两人一起操作，操作者必须熟悉本船开、关舱设备的性能、开关舱程序、参加作业人员的业务技术水平，并具有处理一般故障的知识和能力。指挥时要根据作业环境并充分照顾作业人员的安全。开舱之前首先全面检查大舱一圈。夜间确保作业环境照明充分。检查货舱内、外、轨道及周围环境无障碍物，确保一切条件符合要求后进行开舱。一人操作开舱手柄，一人在舱盖另一侧协助操作，站位安全、互相照应，作业中要精神集中，默契配合、协调一致，先缓慢开启，观察是否正常，再正常速度开启。开舱过程中需要注意观察，一旦发现异常，马上停止相关操作，避免险情和意外事件的发生;

The opening and closing operation must be operated by two persons together. The operator must be familiar with the performance of the ship's opening and closing equipment, the procedures for opening and closing, the technical level of the personnel participating, and have the knowledge and ability to deal with general faults. Command should be based on the operating environment and take full care of the safety of the operator. Make a thorough inspection of the cover before opening. Ensure adequate lighting at night. Check the inside, outside, track and surrounding environment of the cargo hold without obstacles, and ensure that all conditions meet the requirements before opening. One person operates the opening handle, another person assists the operation on the other side of the hatch cover in safe position, look after each other, the operation should be focused, tacit cooperation, coordination, slowly open, observe whether it is normal, and then open at normal speed. Pay attention to the process of opening, once the abnormality is found, immediately stop the operations to avoid dangerous situations and accidents;

5. 禁止舱盖开启不到位和不使用固定装置。开舱完毕后对舱盖进行固定，如打上“Stop”插销或安全插销，需要插到位，防止舱盖滑动或移位；

Prohibit to partly open the cover and non-use of fixtures. The hatch cover should be fixed in open position with stopper or safety latch, which should be inserted in place to prevent the hatch cover from sliding or shifting;

6. 关舱前，全面检查舱盖上面与四周无障碍物。必须先确定货舱内无人员，舱盖上面也不能有人或设备，清除所有舱盖轨道的阻碍物。尤其确认CLEAT都回落在位置，因为有时码头工人会把CLEAT托起放在轨道上；

Before closing, thoroughly check no obstacles above and around the hatch cover. Make sure there are no people in the cargo hold and no people or equipment on the hatch cover, and clear all obstacles to the hatch track. In particular, make sure the CLEAT is lowered in place, because sometimes the dockers will lift the CLEAT onto the track;

7.如果舱口围太高，检查人员也需要到舱口围上方去检查。如涉及高空作业，要遵守规定，安全第一；

If the hatch coaming is too high, we shall also need to check above. If it involves work aloft, comply with the regulations for safety first;

8. 开始关舱时，注意舱盖、链条、滚轮等的平衡运动，与一同工作的人员确认后再缓慢关闭舱盖。关舱完毕后，操作手柄摆在正确位置，最后打上舱盖压紧螺丝（CLEAT），固定舱盖。折叠式舱盖，一次只操作一侧舱盖，禁止两侧同时操作。链传动侧开型舱盖作业过程操车要慢，避免钢丝绳、链条、舱盖突然冲击受力。保持舱盖板两侧拉力一致。链条不能扭结或有其它绳索绑扎；

When starting closing, pay attention to the balance movement of the hatch cover, chain, roller, etc., and confirm with the working personnel before slowly closing the hatch cover. After the hatch is closed, the handle is placed in the correct position, and finally the hatch cover is fastened with CLEAT. For folding hatch cover, only one side of the hatch cover is allowed to operate at a time, it is prohibited to operate both sides at the same time. Chain driven side open hatch cover shall be operated slowly, to avoid wire rope, chain, hatch cover sudden impact force. Keep the pull on both sides of the hatch. The chain cannot be twisted or tied with other ropes;

9. 开、关舱操作的过程中，人员绝不可接近舱盖或轨道；

During the opening and closing operation, personnel must not approach the hatch cover or track;

10. 日常请依照周期进行滚轮、齿轮的牛油的添加与润滑。进行液压油管的检查，是否有浮锈存在爆管的风险。检查油压千斤顶是否有泄漏。千斤顶的柱塞表面用帆布罩防尘保护。降落千斤顶前，请用压缩空气对柱塞表面、挡尘圈表面进行除尘处理，以保护柱塞跟油封。链条式舱盖两边的链条的松紧度必须及时调整，保持两边受力的均衡，减少脱轨的风险；

Please grease rollers and gears according to the PMS. Check the hydraulic tubing to see if there is a risk of blowout. Check the hydraulic jack for leaks. The plunger surface of the jack shall be protected from dust by a canvas cover. Before dropping the jack, de-dust the surface of the plunger and dust ring with compressed air to protect the plunger and oil seal. The tightness of the chain on both sides of the chain-type hatch cover must be adjusted in time to maintain the balance of forces on both sides and reduce the risk of derailment;

11.开关舱操作时，存在手指被锁扣夹伤或压伤，被甲板上突出物绊倒，甲板湿滑而滑倒，液压管爆裂或链条绷断，头部或身体撞伤的风险。在工作过程中，需要注意防范，以保护自己；

When operating, there is a risk of finger pinched or crushed by the cleat, tripping over the deck protruding object, deck slipping and slipping, hydraulic pipe bursting or chain breaking, head or body injury. In the process, pay attention to protect yourself;

12. 开关舱操作流程及安全注意事项，应张贴在甲板办公室或水手部人员容易阅读到的地方。

The operation procedures and safety precautions of the switch compartment shall be posted in the deck office or in a place easily accessible to the water hand personnel.

开、关舱操作失误，轻则造成险情发生，重则造成人员的受伤、舱盖变形和滚轮轴断裂等事故，给自己造成生命的威胁，给船东造成巨大的财产损失！希望兄弟们明白开关舱操作的重要性，养成规范操作的意识。船上应定期进行开关舱操作培训和指导，在操作人员换班或有新手上船时，进行操作前都需要进行现场的讲解与培训。船舶安全会议上，也需要不断强调工作的细心与用心，确保开关舱操作安全和船舶顺利营运。

Opening and closing mistakes will cause dangerous situations even causes injuries, hatch cover deformation and roller shaft fracture and other accidents, threaten crew life and huge property losses to the owner. Hope to understand the importance of the operation of the hatch cover and develop a sense of standardized operation. Regularly training and guidance on the operation, and on-site explanation and training are required before operation when deck crew changes or there are new operators on board. At the ship safety meeting, it is also necessary to constantly emphasize the care and intentions of the work to ensure the safe operation of the hatch cover and the smooth operation of the ship.

-End-