前者，尝陈船长面试诸事，其问对之详情已备述。今及大副面试，所涉应急设备之日常修治、养护，亦为要务。其间多有驾驶员必备之专业知识，诸如安全质量体系、国际法规等，皆为大副与船长所当深研而精熟之关键所在。此等学识，关乎船舶航行之安危，海运作业之规范，实乃大副船长履职之根基，不可不察也.

船舶操作与应急处理

（一）船舶航行安全

1.问：在航行中，如何确保船舶的安全航行？

答：To ensure the safe navigation of the ship, the following measures should be taken: Firstly, maintain continuous lookout using visual, auditory, and radar means to promptly detect other vessels, obstacles, and potential dangers. Secondly, strictly abide by international maritime collision - avoidance rules and local navigation regulations, and correctly use navigation lights, signal shapes, and sound signals. Thirdly, reasonably control the ship's speed according to visibility, sea conditions, and traffic conditions to avoid over - speed and ensure sufficient time and distance for evasive actions. Fourthly, judge the collision risk early and take decisive and effective evasive actions, usually with large - angle turns to avoid small - angle and frequent turning. Fifthly, closely monitor weather forecasts to keep abreast of changes in wind direction, speed, and water flow, and take appropriate shelter - from - wind and - waves measures when encountering severe weather and sea conditions.

为确保船舶安全航行，应采取以下措施：首先，使用视觉、听觉和雷达手段保持持续瞭望，及时发现其他船舶、障碍物和潜在危险。其次，严格遵守国际海上避碰规则和当地航行规定，正确使用航行灯、号型和声响信号。再次，根据能见度、海况和交通状况合理控制船舶速度，避免超速，确保有足够的时间和距离采取避让行动。然后，及早判断碰撞危险，采取果断有效的避让行动，通常采用大角度转向，避免小角度频繁转向。最后，密切关注天气预报，及时掌握风向、风速和水流变化，遇到恶劣天气和海况时采取适当的避风避浪措施。

0.问：当船舶在航行中遇到突发情况，如主机故障，应如何应对？

答：In case of sudden situations such as main engine failure during navigation, the following steps should be taken: Immediately inform the bridge and relevant departments, and then display signals indicating that the ship is not under command. The engine room crew should quickly diagnose the cause of the main engine failure and try to carry out emergency repairs. If the repair time is expected to be long, consider using the auxiliary engine to provide power for essential equipment. At the same time, the bridge should immediately take measures to control the ship's drift, such as using the rudder to adjust the ship's heading as much as possible, and if necessary, drop the anchor to prevent the ship from drifting into dangerous areas. Also, establish communication with nearby vessels and relevant maritime authorities in a timely manner to report the situation and seek assistance.

当船舶在航行中遇到主机故障等突发情况时，应采取以下步骤：立即通知驾驶台和相关部门，然后显示船舶失去控制的信号。机舱船员应迅速诊断主机故障原因，并尝试进行紧急修理。如果预计修理时间较长，考虑使用辅机为关键设备供电。同时，驾驶台应立即采取措施控制船舶漂移，比如尽量使用舵来调整船舶航向，必要时抛锚，防止船舶漂移到危险区域。还要及时与附近船舶和相关海事部门建立通信，报告情况并寻求援助。

（二）应急情况处理

1.问：船舶发生火灾时，应如何进行应急处理？

答：When a fire breaks out on a ship, the following emergency procedures should be followed: The crew member who discovers the fire should immediately sound the fire alarm and use the nearest fire - fighting equipment to fight the fire. All crew members should reach the designated assembly point upon hearing the alarm and carry out fire - fighting operations according to the division of labor in the ship's emergency response deployment table. The fire - searching personnel, under the command of the chief officer or the chief engineer, should quickly locate the fire source, understand the name, characteristics, burning area, and the direction of fire spread, and report to the captain promptly. If there are people in danger in the fire area, rescue measures should be taken immediately. If it is determined that there is no one in the fire area, close the ventilation ducts and other openings, stop ventilation, and cut off the power supply, and then control the fire. When the ship is outside the port or in navigation, slow down and maneuver the ship to keep the fire area downwind, and display navigation lights and signal shapes as required by the Signal Rules and the Inland Navigation Rules. If the fire occurs in the port, report to the company's production and operation department and the nearest maritime department immediately. The captain should determine the fire - fighting plan according to the specific situation and judge whether there is a risk of explosion. The fire - fighting personnel should do their best to extinguish the fire according to the division of labor in the ship's emergency response deployment table and the captain's instructions. If the fire is severe and external assistance is needed, the captain should introduce the fire situation in detail and cooperate. If the fire is extinguished by the method of sealing and suffocating, a sufficient amount of time must pass, and enough fire - fighting forces should be organized and prepared to prevent re - ignition before gradually opening the sealed facilities and then ventilating according to the situation.

船舶发生火灾时，应遵循以下应急程序：发现火灾的船员应立即发出消防警报，并使用附近的灭火设备灭火。全体船员听到警报后，应立即到达指定集合点，按照船舶应急部署表中的分工进行灭火操作。探火人员在大副或轮机长的指挥下，应迅速找到火源，了解燃烧物的名称、特性、燃烧面积和火势蔓延方向，并及时向船长报告。如果火灾区域有人处于危险中，应立即采取救援措施。如果确定火灾区域无人，关闭通风管道和其他开口，停止通风并切断电源，然后控制火势。船舶在港外或航行时，应减速并操纵船舶使火灾区域处于下风方向，并按照《信号规则》和《内河避碰规则》的要求显示号灯和号型。如果火灾发生在港口内，应立即向公司生产经营部门和最近的海事部门报告。船长应根据具体情况确定灭火方案，并判断是否有爆炸风险。消防人员应根据船舶应急部署表中的分工和船长的指示全力灭火。如果火势严重需要外部援助，船长应详细介绍火灾情况并予以配合。如果采用封闭窒息方法灭火，必须经过足够长的时间，并组织足够的消防力量做好防止复燃的准备，才能逐步打开封闭设施，然后根据情况进行通风。

0.问：若船舶发生碰撞，应采取哪些紧急措施？

答：If a ship collision occurs, the following emergency measures should be taken: Immediately sound the alarm. The captain of the collided ship should promptly understand and master the collision overview, damage situation, number of casualties, oil pollution status, and the required rescue requests. The two collided ships should promptly report to the dispatching center and the team leader using effective means. If one ship crashes into the hull of the other, the captain should take measures such as slow - speed ramming according to the situation to reduce water inflow through the hole, and try to maneuver the ship to keep the hole on the leeward and downstream side. If the hull is damaged and water is entering, organize drainage and plugging. If the collision causes a fire or oil pollution, handle it according to the fire emergency response plan and the oil pollution emergency plan. If there are casualties, rescue immediately. If the damaged ship is in danger of sinking, immediately notify tugboats and engineering ships to rush to the scene for rescue, and tow the distressed ship to a safe water area or an appropriate location for beaching to keep the waterway unobstructed. If the damaged ship sinks, accurately determine the ship's position, set up marks as necessary, and promptly organize forces for salvage and clearance. Monitor the waters of the accident site, evacuate nearby ships in a timely manner, and maintain normal navigation order. The two collided ships should exchange information such as ship names, call signs, and ports of registry, and the crew should make records of the accident and emergency response. Issue navigation warnings in a timely manner.

若船舶发生碰撞，应采取以下紧急措施：立即发出警报。碰撞船舶的船长应及时了解掌握碰撞概况、受损情况、伤亡人数、油污染状况以及所需的救助请求。碰撞的两艘船舶应及时用有效手段向调度中心和组长报告。如果一艘船撞入另一艘船的船体，船长应根据情况采取慢车顶推等措施，以减少破洞进水，并尽力操纵船舶使破洞处于下风、下流一侧。如果船体破损进水，应组织排水和堵漏。如果碰撞引发火灾或油污染，应按照火灾应急预案和油污应急预案进行处理。如果有人员伤亡，应立即进行救援。如果受损船舶有沉没危险，应立即通知拖轮和工程船赶赴现场救援，将遇难船舶拖至安全水域或合适地点进行搁滩，以保持航道畅通。如果受损船舶沉没，应准确确定船位，必要时按规定设标，并及时组织力量进行打捞清障。对事故现场水域进行监控，及时疏散附近船舶，维持正常的通航秩序。碰撞的两艘船舶应相互交换船名、呼号、船籍港等信息，船员应做好事故和应急记录。及时发布航行警告。（三）特殊环境航行

1.问：在恶劣天气条件下，如大风浪中，船舶航行需要注意哪些事项？

答：In severe weather conditions such as heavy winds and waves, the following precautions should be taken during ship navigation: Before entering the heavy - wind - and - wave waters, strictly implement the relevant regulations in the safety management system documents and carefully check according to the "Heavy - Wind - and - Wave Waters Navigation Checklist". Make full preparations for navigation in heavy winds and waves according to the ship's conditions, voyage tasks, navigation areas, and cargo types. Attach great importance to the safety of navigation in heavy winds and waves, avoid paralysis and slackness, study safety measures, and clarify the responsibilities of each person. Timely receive weather forecasts, meteorological faxes, navigational warnings, and heavy - wind - and - wave alerts. Pay close attention to weather changes and formulate a thorough navigation plan. Secure and reinforce the cargo, and re - check and re - reinforce the cargo on the deck and in the holds. Tie down the cargo handling equipment, anchor equipment, gangways, lifeboats and rafts, and all unsecured objects. Reinforce the movable equipment in the engine room and put all the stacked cables into the cabins. Check the watertightness of the deck openings, ensure that all watertight doors are in good condition, close the large hatch covers, skylights, portholes, and doors, close the ventilation ducts and cover them with waterproof cloth, and cover the anchor chain pipes to prevent seawater from entering the anchor chain compartment. Check the drainage system, drainage pumps, branch valves, and the specified submersible pumps to ensure they are in good working condition. Clean the bilge wells to ensure that the drainage holes on the deck are unobstructed. Install deck handrails on the deck to ensure the safety of deck patrol personnel and other operators. Check the normal communication equipment and emergency communication equipment to ensure smooth communication. Check the navigation aids to ensure they are in normal condition. Prepare and consult the nautical charts and navigational books and materials near the route, and pre - select an appropriate shelter - from - wind anchorage. Carefully check the main engine, auxiliary engine, and steering gear to prevent failures in heavy winds and waves. Check and ensure smooth communication between the bridge, engine room, bow, and steering gear room in case of emergencies. If necessary, ballast the empty ship. During navigation in heavy winds and waves, receive weather forecasts, meteorological reports, and meteorological faxes in a timely manner, and scientifically analyze the weather conditions and general situation in the navigation area based on the obtained meteorological information. If the weather is severe, receive weather reports every day to keep abreast of weather changes. Measure the oil and water tanks at least twice a day to detect potential hazards in a timely manner and take corresponding measures. Strengthen inspections to ensure the normal operation of the main engine, auxiliary engine, and steering gear. Correctly select the course and speed according to the actual sea conditions and the specific situation of the ship at that time to prevent large - angle rolling or resonant rolling. Avoid full - speed navigation against large swells. Conduct safety patrol inspections and record the inspection results in the logbook. Stop deck work and strictly restrict activities on the deck. If the ship's stability is poor and the rolling period is long, if conditions permit, immediately ballast the double - bottom tanks to improve stability. Strengthen inspections of deck equipment and cargo lashing conditions, and take effective measures in a timely manner to eliminate potential safety hazards for objects that may move or collapse. Regularly check the cargo situation to prevent the movement of the cargo from affecting the ship's safety. Avoid large - rudder - angle turns or evasive maneuvers. Once the ship tilts due to steering, avoid sudden rudder - returning. Reasonably operate the ship to reduce the bending moment and shear force of the ship in the waves. If necessary, adjust the route to avoid severe sea - condition areas. Regularly check and ensure the watertightness of the deck openings and the smooth drainage of the drainage system. Be cautious when turning around in heavy winds and waves, choose the right time, and avoid acting blindly.

在恶劣天气条件下，如大风浪中，船舶航行需要注意以下事项：进入大风浪水域前，严格执行安全管理体系文件中的相关规定，并按照 “大风浪水域航行检查表” 认真进行检查。根据船舶情况、航次任务、航区和货种特点，认真做好大风浪航行前的各项准备工作。高度重视大风浪中航行的安全性，避免麻痹和松懈，研究安全措施，明确每个人的职责。及时接收天气预报、气象传真、航海警告和大风浪警报。密切关注天气变化，制定周密的航行计划。对货物进行绑扎加固，对甲板和舱内的货物进行再次检查和加固。将吊货设备、锚设备、舷梯、救生艇筏以及一切没有固定的物件绑牢。加固机舱内可移动设备，将所有堆放的电缆放入舱室内。检查甲板开口的水密性，确保所有水密门状态良好，关闭大舱舱盖、天窗、舷窗、道门，关闭通风筒并加盖防水布，盖好锚链筒，防止海水灌进锚链舱。检查排水系统、排水泵、分路阀以及规定配备的潜水泵，确保其处于良好工作状态。清洁污水沟（井），保证甲板上的排水孔畅通。在甲板装设甲板扶手绳，保证甲板巡视人员和其他作业人员的安全。检查日常通信设备和应急通信设备，确保通信畅通。检查助航仪器，确保其处于正常状态。备妥并查阅航线附近的海图以及航海图书资料，预选适当的避风锚地。对主机、副机和舵机进行认真检查，防止在大风浪中发生故障。检查并保证驾驶台和机舱、船首、舵机室在应急情况下的通信畅通。必要时，对空船进行压载。在大风浪中航行时，及时接收天气预报、气象报告和气象传真，根据获取的气象信息科学分析航行区域当时的天气情况和大势。如天气恶劣，每天要加收天气报告，以便及时掌握天气变化。每天至少两次测量油水舱，以便及时发现隐患并采取相应措施。加强检查，保证主机、副机和舵机的正常运转。根据实际海况及船舶当时的具体情况，正确选择航向和航速，以防止出现大倾角横摇或谐摇。应避免全速顶着较大涌浪航行。坚持安全巡回检查，将检查结果记入航海日志。停止甲板工作，严格限制在甲板上的活动。如果船舶稳性欠佳，横摇周期长，有条件的应立即压进足够的双层底压舱水，以改善稳性。加强甲板设备、货物绑扎情况的检查，对可能发生移动或倒塌的物件必须及时采取有效措施，消除安全隐患。定时检查货物情况，防止因货物移动而影响船舶安全。避免大舵角旋回或避让。一旦因操舵引起船舶倾斜，应避免急速回舵。合理操纵船舶，降低船舶在波浪中的弯矩和剪力。必要时调整航线，以避开恶劣海况区域。定时检查并保证甲板开口的水密性，保证排水畅通。大风浪中掉头应慎重，时机应恰当，避免盲目行动。

0.问：当船舶在狭窄水道航行时，应如何确保安全通过？

答：When a ship is navigating in a narrow waterway, the following measures should be taken to ensure safe passage: Before entering the narrow waterway, carefully study the nautical charts and relevant navigational information of the narrow waterway, understand its water depth, width, curvature, and the location of underwater obstacles. Strengthen lookout, use visual, auditory, and radar means to closely monitor the situation in the waterway, and pay attention to the dynamic of other vessels. Control the ship's speed according to the waterway conditions and the ship's draft, usually at a lower speed to ensure sufficient time for response. When meeting other vessels, strictly abide by the collision - avoidance rules, communicate and coordinate in a timely manner to avoid collisions. Use the ship's steering equipment and propulsion system carefully, and make small - angle and smooth maneuvers to avoid sudden changes in the ship's course and speed. Pay attention to the influence of the water flow in the narrow waterway on the ship, and adjust the ship's operation accordingly. If necessary, seek the assistance of a local pilot who is familiar with the waterway conditions to ensure safe passage.

当船舶在狭窄水道航行时，应采取以下措施确保安全通过：进入狭窄水道前，仔细研究狭窄水道的海图和相关航海资料，了解其水深、宽度、曲率以及水下障碍物的位置。加强瞭望，使用视觉、听觉和雷达手段密切监控水道内的情况，注意其他船舶的动态。根据水道条件和船舶吃水控制船舶速度，通常以较低速度行驶，以确保有足够的时间做出反应。与其他船舶相遇时，严格遵守避碰规则，及时进行沟通和协调，避免碰撞。谨慎使用船舶的操舵设备和推进系统，进行小角度平稳操纵，避免船舶航向和速度的突然变化。注意狭窄水道内水流对船舶的影响，并相应调整船舶操作。必要时，寻求熟悉水道情况的当地引航员的协助，以确保安全通过。

货物管理与运输

（一）货物配载与积载

1.问：请说明合理配载和积载货物的原则和方法。

答：The principles and methods of reasonable cargo stowage and distribution are as follows: Principles: First, ensure safety. Consider the ship's stability, strength, and the nature of the goods to avoid affecting the ship's safety during navigation due to improper stowage, such as not overloading and ensuring that heavy goods are placed at the bottom to maintain the ship's center of gravity. Second, make full use of the ship's loading capacity, including both the deadweight and the volume of the cargo hold, to achieve the best economic benefits. Third, ensure the quality of goods transportation. Avoid mixing goods with incompatible properties to prevent damage to the goods, such as separating flammable and explosive goods from heat - sensitive goods. Methods: Before stowage, carefully calculate the quantity, volume, and weight of the goods, and understand their special requirements. Then, based on the structure and loading capacity of the ship, design a scientific stowage plan. For example, when loading containers, follow the principle of "heavy below, light above, and symmetry on both sides", and place dangerous goods in the designated dangerous goods area according to the regulations. When loading bulk goods, pay attention to the distribution of the goods in the cargo hold to avoid uneven stress on the ship's structure.

合理配载和积载货物的原则和方法如下：原则方面，首先要确保安全，考虑船舶的稳性、强度以及货物的性质，避免因积载不当影响船舶航行安全，比如不能超载，保证重货放在底部以维持船舶重心。其次要充分利用船舶的装载能力，包括载重吨和货舱容积，以实现最佳经济效益。还要保证货物运输质量，避免将性质不相容的货物混装，防止货物受损，比如将易燃易爆货物与热敏货物分开。方法上，在积载前，仔细计算货物的数量、体积和重量，了解其特殊要求。然后根据船舶的结构和装载能力，设计科学的积载计划。例如，装载集装箱时，遵循 “下重上轻、左右对称” 的原则，并按照规定将危险货物放置在指定的危险货物区域。装载散货时，注意货物在货舱内的分布，避免船舶结构受力不均。

0.问：如何根据船舶的载重能力和舱容，合理安排不同类型货物的装载位置？

答：To reasonably arrange the loading positions of different types of goods according to the ship's loading capacity and cargo hold volume, the following steps can be taken: First, for heavy - weight goods, they should be placed at the lower part of the cargo hold close to the ship's bottom to lower the ship's center of gravity and ensure stability, such as large - scale machinery and steel products. Second, light - weight and large - volume goods, like some light - foam industrial products, can be placed in the upper part of the cargo hold to make full use of the space. Third, goods with special requirements, such as dangerous goods, must be placed in the dedicated dangerous goods storage areas in the cargo hold, which usually have good ventilation and fire - prevention facilities, and are isolated from other general goods to ensure safety. Fourth, for goods that need to be loaded and unloaded first, they should be placed in the areas that are convenient for access, such as near the hatch or at the top of the cargo stack, to improve the efficiency of loading and unloading operations.

要根据船舶的载重能力和舱容合理安排不同类型货物的装载位置，可以采取以下步骤：首先，对于重量较大的货物，应放置在货舱下部靠近船底的位置，以降低船舶重心，确保稳性，如大型机械和钢铁制品。其次，重量较轻、体积较大的货物，如一些轻质泡沫工业产品，可以放置在货舱上部，充分利用空间。然后，有特殊要求的货物，如危险货物，必须放置在货舱内专门的危险货物储存区域，这些区域通常具有良好的通风和防火设施，并与其他普通货物隔离，以确保安全。最后，对于需要先装卸的货物，应放置在便于取用的区域，如舱口附近或货物堆垛的顶部，以提高装卸作业效率。

（二）货物装卸操作

1.问：请介绍装卸货的流程和注意事项。

答：The loading and unloading process is as follows: Before loading and unloading, the ship's crew and the stevedoring workers should communicate and coordinate well, and the ship should be in a stable state. The stevedoring workers check the loading and unloading equipment to ensure its normal operation. When loading, according to the stowage plan, load the goods layer by layer from the bottom of the cargo hold, and use appropriate tools such as cranes and forklifts to handle the goods. During the loading process, ensure that the goods are placed in the correct position and are firmly fixed to prevent displacement during the voyage. When unloading, start from the top layer of the goods stack, unload the goods in sequence, and transport them to the designated storage area on the shore. Precautions: First, ensure the safety of personnel. All workers involved in loading and unloading should wear appropriate personal protective equipment, such as hard hats, safety shoes, and safety belts. Second, pay attention to the protection of goods. When handling goods, avoid rough handling to prevent damage to the goods. For fragile goods, use special protective measures, such as adding cushioning materials. Third, monitor the ship's condition during loading and unloading. Continuously check the ship's draft, trim, and stability to ensure that the ship remains in a safe state. Fourth, comply with relevant regulations and procedures. Follow the local port regulations and the ship's safety management system to ensure the standardization of loading and unloading operations.

装卸货的流程如下：在装卸前，船舶船员与装卸工人应进行良好的沟通协调，船舶应处于稳定状态。装卸工人检查装卸设备，确保其正常运行。装载时，根据积载计划，从货舱底部逐层装载货物，并使用起重机、叉车等合适的工具搬运货物。在装载过程中，确保货物放置在正确位置并牢固固定，防止航行中发生位移。卸货时，从货物堆垛的顶层开始，依次卸下货物，并将其运输到岸上指定的存储区域。注意事项有：首先，确保人员安全。所有参与装卸的工人都应佩戴合适的个人防护装备，如安全帽、安全鞋和安全带。其次，注意货物保护。搬运货物时，避免野蛮操作，防止货物受损。对于易碎货物，采用特殊的防护措施，如添加缓冲材料。然后，在装卸过程中监控船舶状况。持续检查船舶的吃水、纵倾和稳性，确保船舶保持安全状态。最后，遵守相关法规和程序。遵循当地港口规定和船舶安全管理体系，确保装卸作业的规范化。

0.问：在装卸危险货物时，需要采取哪些特殊的安全措施？

答：When loading and unloading dangerous goods, the following special safety measures need to be taken: First, the ship must have a dedicated dangerous goods storage area that meets safety standards, with good ventilation, explosion - proof, and fire - prevention facilities. Second, the stevedoring workers must be trained in handling dangerous goods, understand the properties and handling requirements of different dangerous goods, and be equipped with appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gas masks, chemical - resistant clothing, and anti - static gloves. Third, before loading and unloading, carefully check the packaging of dangerous goods to ensure that there are no leaks or damages. For goods with damaged packaging, they should be repackaged or handled in accordance with relevant regulations. Fourth, during the loading and unloading process, use special handling equipment that is explosion - proof and anti - static, and operate strictly in accordance with the operating procedures to avoid generating sparks or collisions. Fifth, establish strict monitoring and early - warning mechanisms. Monitor the temperature, humidity, and gas concentration in the dangerous goods storage area in real - time, and take emergency measures immediately when abnormal situations are detected. Sixth, in case of emergencies such as fires or leaks during loading and unloading, immediately start the emergency response plan, evacuate personnel, and take appropriate fire - fighting and leakage - control measures.

在装卸危险货物时，需要采取以下特殊的安全措施：首先，船舶必须有符合安全标准的专用危险货物储存区域，具备良好的通风、防爆和防火设施。其次，装卸工人必须经过危险货物装卸培训，了解不同危险货物的性质和装卸要求，并配备合适的个人防护装备，如防毒面具、耐化学品防护服和防静电手套。然后，在装卸前，仔细检查危险货物的包装，确保无泄漏或损坏。对于包装受损的货物，应重新包装或按照相关规定进行处理。在装卸过程中，使用防爆、防静电的专用装卸设备，并严格按照操作规程操作，避免产生火花或碰撞。还要建立严格的监控和预警机制。实时监测危险货物储存区域的温度、湿度和气体浓度，发现异常情况立即采取应急措施。最后，在装卸过程中如发生火灾、泄漏等紧急情况，立即启动应急预案，疏散人员，并采取适当的灭火和控漏措施。

（三）货物运输途中管理

1.问：在货物运输途中，如何对货物进行检查和维护？

答：During the transportation of goods, the following inspection and maintenance measures should be taken: Regularly inspect the goods. Check the packaging of the goods to see if there are any signs of damage, such as cracks, tears, or deformation. For bulk goods, check for settlement, leakage, or contamination. Also, check the fixation of the goods to ensure that they have not shifted during the voyage. Monitor the storage environment. For goods with special requirements for temperature and humidity, such as food, medicine, and some industrial products, use temperature - and humidity - monitoring equipment to ensure that the storage environment meets the requirements. If necessary, adjust the ventilation and heating or cooling systems on the ship. For dangerous goods, closely monitor their state. Check for any signs of leakage, chemical reactions, or abnormal temperature rises, and take immediate measures if problems are found. Keep records. Record the inspection results, including the time of inspection, the condition of the goods, and any problems found and the measures taken, to facilitate the tracking and management of the goods during transportation.

在货物运输途中，应采取以下检查和维护措施：定期检查货物。检查货物的包装是否有损坏迹象，如裂缝、撕裂或变形。对于散装货物，检查是否有沉降、泄漏或污染。还要检查货物的固定情况，确保其在航行中没有移位。监测储存环境。对于对温度和湿度有特殊要求的货物，如食品、药品和一些工业产品，使用温湿度监测设备，确保储存环境符合要求。必要时，调整船舶上的通风和加热或冷却系统。对于危险货物，密切监测其状态。检查是否有泄漏、化学反应或异常升温迹象，发现问题立即采取措施。做好记录。记录检查结果，包括检查时间、货物状况、发现的问题以及采取的措施，以便于货物运输过程中的跟踪和管理。

0.问：如果在运输途中发现货物出现损坏或变质，应如何进行应急处理？

答：If damage or deterioration of goods is found during transportation, the following emergency measures should be taken: First, immediately stop the relevant operations that may cause further damage to the goods, such as adjusting the position of the goods to avoid continued friction or pressure. Then, assess the degree of damage or deterioration of the goods. For damaged goods, determine whether they can be repaired or salvaged. For deteriorated goods, analyze the cause of deterioration, such as whether it is due to improper temperature, humidity, or chemical reactions. Report to the relevant departments and personnel on the ship, including the captain and at the same time, notify the shipper and the consignee to inform them of the situation. Take corresponding measures according to the nature of the goods. For example, for goods damaged by water, try to dry them as soon as possible; for goods affected by temperature, adjust the storage environment temperature in time. If necessary, isolate the damaged or deteriorated goods from other normal goods to prevent the spread of the problem. Keep detailed records of the emergency treatment process, including the time of discovery, the measures taken, and the changes in the state of the goods, to provide evidence for subsequent claims and investigations.

如果在运输途中发现货物出现损坏或变质，应采取以下应急处理措施：首先，立即停止可能对货物造成进一步损坏的相关操作，比如调整货物位置，避免继续摩擦或受压。然后，评估货物的损坏或变质程度。对于受损货物，判断是否可以修复或 salvage。对于变质货物，分析变质原因，比如是否是由于温度、湿度不当或化学反应导致。向船上相关部门和人员报告，包括船长，同时通知托运人和收货人，告知他们情况。根据货物性质采取相应措施。例如，对于被水损坏的货物，尽快进行干燥处理；对于受温度影响的货物，及时调整储存环境温度。必要时，将损坏或变质的货物与其他正常货物隔离，防止问题扩散。详细记录应急处理过程，包括发现时间、采取的措施以及货物状态的变化，为后续的索赔和调查提供证据。

船舶维护与保养

（一）船舶结构与设备维护

1.问：请简述船舶结构和设备日常检查的重点部位和内容。

答：The key parts and contents of daily inspection of ship structures and equipment are as follows: For the ship's hull structure, check the shell plates for any signs of corrosion, cracks, or deformation, especially in areas such as the bow, stern, and bilge. Examine the deck for wear, damage, and the tightness of hatch covers. Check the bulkheads to ensure their integrity and watertightness. Regarding the main engine, inspect the engine cylinders, pistons, and crankshaft for wear and tear. Check the fuel system for leaks, the lubrication system for oil quality and quantity, and the cooling system for coolant levels and circulation. For the steering gear, test its operation, check the hydraulic system for leaks, and ensure the proper functioning of the steering mechanism. Also, inspect the anchors and mooring equipment, including the condition of the anchor chains, windlasses, and mooring lines.

船舶结构和设备日常检查的重点部位和内容如下：对于船舶船体结构，检查船壳板是否有腐蚀、裂缝或变形迹象，尤其是在船首、船尾和舱底等区域。检查甲板的磨损、损坏情况以及舱口盖的密封性。检查舱壁，确保其完整性和水密性。对于主机，检查发动机气缸、活塞和曲轴的磨损情况。检查燃油系统是否有泄漏，润滑系统的油质和油量，以及冷却系统的冷却液液位和循环情况。对于舵机，测试其运行情况，检查液压系统是否有泄漏，并确保转向机构正常工作。还要检查锚和系泊设备，包括锚链、锚机和系泊缆绳的状况。

（二）设备故障处理

1.问：当船舶设备出现故障时，应如何进行故障诊断和修复？

答：When ship equipment malfunctions, the following steps can be taken for fault diagnosis and repair: First, carefully observe the symptoms of the equipment failure, such as abnormal noises, vibrations, or abnormal temperature rises. Check the relevant monitoring instruments and indicators to obtain more information. Then, refer to the equipment operation manual and maintenance records to analyze possible failure causes.  .

当船舶设备出现故障时，可按以下步骤进行故障诊断和修复：首先，仔细观察设备故障的症状，如异常噪音、振动或异常升温。查看相关监测仪器和指标，获取更多信息。然后，参考设备操作手册和维护记录，分析可能的故障原因。  

（三）船舶保养计划制定

1.问：如何制定船舶的年度保养计划？

答：To formulate the ship's annual maintenance plan, the following steps can be taken: First, comprehensively consider the ship's type, age, operating conditions, and the manufacturer's maintenance recommendations. The hull structure needs to be inspected for corrosion and painted regularly. Allocate appropriate time and resources for each maintenance task, taking into account the ship's voyage schedule to avoid affecting normal operations. Also, assign specific personnel responsible for each maintenance task to ensure the implementation of the plan.

制定船舶的年度保养计划，可以采取以下步骤：首先，综合考虑船舶的类型、船龄、运行状况以及制造商的维护建议。船体结构需要定期检查腐蚀情况并进行涂装。为每个维护任务分配适当的时间和资源，同时考虑船舶的航行计划，避免影响正常运营。还要为每个维护任务指定具体的负责人，以确保计划的实施。

0.问：制定保养计划时需要考虑哪些因素？

答：When formulating a maintenance plan, the following factors need to be considered: The ship's operating environment, including the sea area, weather conditions, and water quality, as these can affect the degree of wear and corrosion of the ship's equipment and structures. The ship's age and usage history, as older ships may require more frequent maintenance, and ships with a history of frequent heavy - load operations may also have more wear - and - tear problems. The manufacturer's maintenance recommendations for different equipment and systems, as they provide professional guidance on maintenance frequency and methods. The relevant international and domestic regulations and standards, which stipulate the minimum requirements for ship maintenance to ensure the ship's safety and compliance. The availability of maintenance resources, such as the skills and numbers of the maintenance personnel, the supply of spare parts, and the time and equipment for maintenance, to ensure that the maintenance plan can be effectively implemented.

制定保养计划时需要考虑以下因素：船舶的运行环境，包括海域、天气条件和水质，因为这些会影响船舶设备和结构的磨损和腐蚀程度。船舶的船龄和使用历史，较老的船舶可能需要更频繁的维护，而有频繁重载运行历史的船舶也可能有更多的磨损问题。不同设备和系统制造商的维护建议，这些建议为维护频率和方法提供专业指导。相关的国际和国内法规标准，这些法规标准规定了船舶维护的最低要求，以确保船舶的安全性和合规性。维护资源的可用性，如维护人员的技能和数量、备件供应以及维护时间和设备，以确保维护计划能够有效实施。

航海知识与技能

（一）航海仪器使用

1.问：请介绍磁罗经和电罗经的工作原理、使用方法及误差修正。

答：The working principle of the magnetic compass is based on the interaction between the magnetic needle in the compass and the Earth's magnetic field. The magnetic needle aligns itself with the Earth's magnetic meridian, indicating the magnetic north - south direction. When using a magnetic compass, place it in a stable position away from magnetic interference sources such as large metal objects and electrical equipment. Read the compass bearing directly from the compass card. Error correction of the magnetic compass mainly includes deviation correction. Deviation is caused by the magnetic influence of the ship itself. To correct it, soft - iron spheres, Flinders bars, and other correctors are used. The correctors are adjusted according to the ship's magnetic field characteristics to minimize the deviation.

The gyrocompass, also known as the electric compass, works on the principle of the gyroscopic effect. A gyroscope in the gyrocompass maintains its axis of rotation in a fixed direction in space, and through a complex mechanical and electrical system, it is made to align with the true north - south direction. When using a gyrocompass, first ensure that it is properly calibrated and initialized. The gyrocompass provides highly accurate heading information, which can be directly read from the display.