1.船舶的锚机刹车装置磨损严重，制动性能下降，在抛锚和起锚过程中，无法有效控制锚链的收放速度，可能导致锚链快速滑落或锚机失控，危及船舶锚泊安全。例如，某货船在起锚时，因锚机刹车装置磨损，锚链瞬间快速下滑，险些砸坏船首结构，且导致锚机电机过载，险些烧毁。经检查，该船锚机刹车装置的刹车片厚度已磨损至原厚度的三分之一，远低于安全标准。

The braking device of the ship's windlass is severely worn, resulting in a decline in braking performance. During the process of anchoring and weighing anchor, it cannot effectively control the pay - out and retrieval speed of the anchor chain, which may cause the anchor chain to slide rapidly or the windlass to get out of control, endangering the safety of the ship's anchoring. For example, when a cargo ship was weighing anchor, due to the wear of the braking device of the windlass, the anchor chain slid down rapidly in an instant, almost damaging the bow structure of the ship, and causing the motor of the windlass to be overloaded and almost burned out. After inspection, the thickness of the brake pads of the braking device of the ship's windlass has been worn to one - third of the original thickness, which is far below the safety standard.

2.船舶的舵机液压系统油液污染，杂质混入油液中，导致液压元件磨损加剧，如油泵、油缸等，影响舵机的正常工作，使船舶转向迟缓、不灵敏，在紧急避让等情况下，可能无法及时做出有效转向动作，增加船舶碰撞风险。经检测，某船舶舵机液压系统油液中的杂质含量远超规定标准，部分液压元件已出现明显磨损痕迹，导致该船在航行时转向响应时间比正常情况延长了约 3 秒。

The hydraulic system oil of the ship's steering gear is contaminated, and impurities are mixed into the oil, resulting in increased wear of hydraulic components such as oil pumps and cylinders, affecting the normal operation of the steering gear. This makes the ship's steering sluggish and insensitive. In emergency avoidance situations, it may not be able to make effective steering movements in a timely manner, increasing the risk of ship collisions. After testing, the impurity content in the hydraulic system oil of a ship's steering gear far exceeds the specified standard, and obvious wear marks have appeared on some hydraulic components, causing the steering response time of the ship during navigation to be extended by about 3 seconds compared to normal.

3.船舶的舱口围板变形，可能是由于货物装卸时的碰撞、船舶航行中受到的外力冲击等原因所致。变形后的舱口围板与舱口盖无法紧密配合，影响舱口的水密性和结构强度，海水易渗入货舱，同时在船舶遭遇风浪时，舱口围板的变形部位可能承受更大应力，有进一步损坏甚至撕裂的风险。某船舶在一次暴风雨航行后，检查发现多个舱口围板出现不同程度的变形，其中一处舱口围板的最大变形量达到 5 厘米，导致对应舱口盖密封不严，货舱内出现少量积水。

The cargo hold coaming of the ship is deformed, which may be caused by collisions during cargo handling or external force impacts during the ship's voyage. The deformed cargo hold coaming cannot fit closely with the hatch cover, affecting the watertightness and structural strength of the hatch. Seawater can easily seep into the cargo hold. At the same time, when the ship encounters wind and waves, the deformed parts of the cargo hold coaming may bear greater stress, with a risk of further damage or even tearing. After a stormy voyage, a ship was inspected and found that the cargo hold coamings of multiple hatches were deformed to varying degrees. The maximum deformation of one of the cargo hold coamings reached 5 cm, resulting in poor sealing of the corresponding hatch cover and a small amount of water accumulation in the cargo hold.

4.船舶的电缆桥架固定螺栓松动，在船舶航行过程中，受船体振动等因素影响，电缆桥架可能出现晃动、位移，导致电缆被拉扯、磨损，甚至引发电缆短路故障，影响船舶电气系统的正常运行。在某船舶的定期巡检中，发现机舱内部分电缆桥架的固定螺栓松动，电缆桥架出现明显晃动，部分电缆外皮已出现磨损迹象，若不及时处理，极易引发电气事故。

The fixing bolts of the ship's cable trays are loose. During the ship's voyage, affected by factors such as hull vibration, the cable trays may shake and displace, causing the cables to be pulled and worn, and even triggering cable short - circuit faults, affecting the normal operation of the ship's electrical system. During the regular inspection of a ship, it was found that the fixing bolts of some cable trays in the engine room were loose, the cable trays were shaking obviously, and the outer sheaths of some cables had signs of wear. If not dealt with in time, it is very likely to trigger an electrical accident.

5.船舶的通风系统风机叶片损坏，可能是由于风机长时间运行、吸入异物等原因造成。损坏的风机叶片会破坏风机的动平衡，使风机运行时产生剧烈振动和异常噪声，不仅影响通风系统的正常工作效率，降低舱室内的通风效果，还可能导致风机轴承等部件加速磨损，甚至引发风机故障。某船舶通风系统的一台风机在运行过程中突然发出异常噪声，经检查发现风机叶片有多处破损，导致该风机所在区域的通风量较正常情况减少了约 40%。

The blades of the fans in the ship's ventilation system are damaged, which may be caused by long - term operation of the fans or inhalation of foreign objects. The damaged fan blades will disrupt the dynamic balance of the fan, causing the fan to generate severe vibration and abnormal noise during operation. This not only affects the normal working efficiency of the ventilation system and reduces the ventilation effect in the compartments, but also may cause the acceleration of wear of components such as the fan bearings, and even trigger fan failures. A fan in the ventilation system of a ship suddenly emitted abnormal noise during operation. After inspection, it was found that there were multiple damages on the fan blades, resulting in a reduction of the ventilation volume in the area where the fan is located by about 40% compared to normal.

6.船舶的水密舱壁上的贯穿件密封失效，如电缆贯穿件、管路贯穿件等，在船舶航行时，海水可能通过密封失效处渗入相邻舱室，破坏舱室的水密完整性，降低船舶的抗沉性。一旦船舶遭遇破损进水事故，水密舱壁无法有效阻止水的蔓延，可能导致船舶迅速沉没。经检查，某船舶水密舱壁上的一处电缆贯穿件密封胶老化、开裂，已出现海水渗漏痕迹，需及时进行修复。

The seals of the penetrations on the watertight bulkheads of the ship, such as cable penetrations and pipeline penetrations, fail. During the ship's voyage, seawater may seep into adjacent compartments through the areas where the seals have failed, destroying the watertight integrity of the compartments and reducing the ship's sinking - resistance. Once the ship encounters a water - ingress accident due to damage, the watertight bulkhead cannot effectively prevent the spread of water, which may cause the ship to sink rapidly. After inspection, the sealing glue of a cable penetration on the watertight bulkhead of a ship has aged and cracked, and there are signs of seawater leakage, which needs to be repaired in a timely manner.

7.船舶的甲板机械如克令吊、绞车等的制动装置故障，在操作过程中，无法可靠地制动，导致吊臂或绳索失控，可能引发货物掉落、碰撞等事故，危及人员安全和船舶设备安全。某船舶在使用克令吊吊运货物时，克令吊的制动装置突然失灵，吊臂带着货物大幅晃动，险些砸中甲板上的作业人员，所幸船员及时采取紧急措施，才未造成严重后果。经检查，该克令吊制动装置的制动片磨损严重，已无法正常发挥制动作用。

The braking devices of the ship's deck machinery such as cranes and winches malfunction. During operation, they cannot brake reliably, causing the boom or ropes to get out of control, which may trigger accidents such as cargo dropping and collisions, endangering the safety of personnel and ship equipment. When a ship was using a crane to lift cargo, the braking device of the crane suddenly failed, and the boom with the cargo swayed significantly, almost hitting the operators on the deck. Fortunately, the crew took emergency measures in time, so no serious consequences were caused. After inspection, the brake pads of the braking device of the crane were severely worn and could no longer function normally.

8.船舶的消防系统消防泵故障，无法提供足够的消防水压，在船舶发生火灾时，无法及时有效地进行灭火作业，导致火势蔓延，造成更大的损失。可能原因包括消防泵叶轮磨损、泵体泄漏、电机故障等。某船舶在进行消防演练时，发现消防泵出口压力明显不足，无法满足消防水枪正常喷射要求。经拆解检查，发现消防泵叶轮因长期使用出现严重磨损，叶片残缺不全，致使泵的输水能力大幅下降。

The fire pump in the ship's fire - fighting system malfunctions and cannot provide sufficient fire - fighting water pressure. In the event of a fire on the ship, it is unable to carry out fire - fighting operations in a timely and effective manner, resulting in the spread of the fire and causing greater losses. Possible reasons include wear of the impeller of the fire pump, leakage of the pump body, and motor failure. During a fire drill on a ship, it was found that the outlet pressure of the fire pump was significantly insufficient and could not meet the normal spraying requirements of the fire hose. After disassembly and inspection, it was found that the impeller of the fire pump was severely worn due to long - term use, with incomplete blades, resulting in a significant decrease in the water - conveyance capacity of the pump.

9.船舶的救生设备如救生艇、救生筏等存放位置不当，在紧急情况下，无法迅速、便捷地进行释放和使用，延误人员逃生时机。例如，救生艇被其他设备或货物阻挡，无法顺利放下；救生筏的固定装置安装不合理，导致其无法自动释放。某船舶在进行应急演练时，发现救生艇周围堆满了杂物，清理杂物花费了较长时间，严重影响了救生艇的快速投放，若在实际紧急情况下，将极大威胁船员生命安全。

The storage locations of the ship's life - saving equipment such as lifeboats and life rafts are inappropriate. In an emergency, they cannot be released and used quickly and conveniently, delaying the opportunity for people to escape. For example, the lifeboat is blocked by other equipment or cargo and cannot be lowered smoothly; the fixing device of the life raft is installed unreasonably, resulting in its inability to be automatically released. During an emergency drill on a ship, it was found that there were a lot of sundries around the lifeboat. It took a long time to clean up the sundries, which seriously affected the rapid deployment of the lifeboat. If in an actual emergency, it would pose a great threat to the lives of the crew.

10.船舶的舱室内部舱壁上的扶强材腐蚀严重，扶强材的强度降低，无法有效支撑舱壁，在船舶受到外力作用如风浪冲击、货物挤压等时，舱壁易发生变形甚至破裂，影响舱室的结构稳定性和完整性。某船舶的货舱舱壁扶强材因长期处于潮湿环境且缺乏有效保养，出现大面积腐蚀，部分扶强材的厚度已减薄至原厚度的一半，经评估，该舱壁的承载能力已大幅下降，存在安全隐患。

The stiffeners on the bulkheads inside the ship's compartments are severely corroded, reducing the strength of the stiffeners and making them unable to effectively support the bulkheads. When the ship is affected by external forces such as wind and wave impacts and cargo extrusion, the bulkheads are prone to deformation and even rupture, affecting the structural stability and integrity of the compartments. The stiffeners on the cargo hold bulkheads of a ship are in a humid environment for a long time and lack effective maintenance, resulting in large - area corrosion. The thickness of some stiffeners has been reduced to half of the original thickness. After evaluation, the bearing capacity of the bulkhead has decreased significantly, posing a safety hazard.