The hull constructions are including the main hull, forecastle, poop deck, deck houses, engineer room, engine casing, funnel, appendages (such as bilge keel, bulwark).
船体结构包括主船体，艏 / 艉楼，甲板室，机舱，机舱棚，烟囱，船体附件（如舭龙骨，舷墙）等。

The vessel to be of steel and all - welded constructions.
本船结构为钢质全焊接结构。

Hull construction’s materials & scantling designs are to be complied with the rules of Classification Society.
船体结构的材料及构件尺寸设计应满足船级社规范要求。

Where there is not be mentioned in the rules of Classification Society, the designs shall be done according to the design standard and shipbuilding practices.
船级社规范未作规定的构件，将根据设计标准和惯例确定。

The designs of construction shall follow the principle of continuous structures.
结构设计将遵循结构构件连续性的原则。

The arrangements of structural members to be arranged in considering for easy access and maintenance.
结构构件布置应考虑便于通行的原则。

The materials of the steel plates and hull structural members are normal mild steel and shall comply with the rules of Classification Society if necessary.
钢板和型材为船用普通的碳素钢，并应满足船级社规范的有关要求。

Casting steel shall comply with the rules of Classification Society if necessary.
铸件应满足船级社规范的有关要求。

The welding conditions have to meet the requirements of class and Owners inspections.
焊接条件需要满足船东和船级社的检验要求。

Welding shall be carried out under dry and clean conditions, weather protected as far as possible.
焊接需要在干燥和清洁条件下进行，尽量进行露天保护。

Two - side continuous welding will be used in tanks including fore peak, after peak, double bottom, wing tanks, holds, engine room as well as in all spaces exposed to weather and in wet spaces prone to corrosion (bathrooms, galley, pantries, laundries, drying rooms, etc).
所有舱必须用双面连续焊接包括艏尖舱，艉尖舱，双层底，边舱，货舱，机舱以及露天处所和易于被腐蚀的潮湿处所（浴室，厨房，餐具室，洗衣间，干衣室等）。

Single - sided-, intermittent-, chain - or zigzag welding will be allowed, as far as permissible according to the classification society, where structural parts are not exposed to weather or moisture.
可采用单面焊，间断焊，并列焊或交错焊，根据船级社要求，结构件不要暴露在露天或潮湿处。

The formation of notches and burn - in (undercut) during welding shall be avoided and to be given the necessary attention at design and production stage.
在焊接期间应该避免形成切口及咬边，在设计及生产阶段要特别注意这一块。

Welding at low environmental temperatures will be in accordance with class requirements.
在低温条件下的焊接应依照船级社的要求。

Welding consumables used are to be suitable for the parent metal to be welded and are to be approved by the classification society.
焊接材料应适合于母材，并经过船级社的认证。

Where filler materials having tensile properties deviating (downwards) from the parent metal are used, this fact must be taken into account when dimensioning the weld joints.
从母材部分开始使用具有伸缩性的填角材料之处，计算焊缝时应该考虑到这种情况。

Welding procedure including edge preparation shall be executed in accordance with the Builder’ established modern welding procedure and practice with reference to Chinese shipbuilding standard and approved by the classification society.
焊接程序包括边缘预处理，应该符合造船方参照中国造船标准制定的现代的焊接程序并且经船级社认证。

Automatic welding shall be used to the greatest extent.
自动焊应该被广泛的使用。

The welders engaged in the welding shall be fully qualified and holding welding certificates from the classification society for the type of welding carried out.
从事的焊接的焊工应该有充分的资格和持有给焊接发证的船级社的证书。

Electrodes and other welding materials have to be properly selected for the special intended purposes.
焊条和其他形式的焊接材料应该有目的适当的进行挑选来用于特殊的焊接。

All welding shall be continuous except in dry spaces in the superstructure and deckhouse where intermittent welding is permitted.
除了上层建筑和甲板室的干燥空间焊接是间断焊接，其他所有的焊接应该是连续焊接。

Care shall be taken to avoid stress concentration due to welding, heating and discontinuity of the structure or build - in stress.
应该特别注意由于焊接，加热和结构的非连续性产生的应力集中和嵌入的应力。

All foreign materials (water, rust, oil, sludge, dirt, paint etc.) that will affect the quality of the welding to be thorough removed before carry out welding.
所有影响焊缝质量的杂质（如水，锈，油，油渣，灰尘，油漆等）须在焊接前全部予以清除。

All damages to the steel material due to welding when block assemble or erection, shall to be rectified by welding and grind smooth.
由于烧焊对钢材产生的损坏，在分段合拢或吊装时，应使用焊接方式进行修正并打磨光滑

On strength decks and steel structures, hatch covers, etc. welding to be x - ray examined, complying with the requirements of the classification society and to Owner's approval.
依照船级社的要求和船东的认可，强力甲板和钢结构舱盖等等焊接需要用 X 射线检查。

Butt welding between major steel castings and structural members to be 100% x - rayed.
大的钢铸件和构件之间的焊接要 100％进行 X 射线检查。

Additional x - ray tests above class requirements to be made as directed by Owner’s representative in case the result of x - ray found not satisfied.
若船东对所作的 X 光线探伤不满意，除船级要求外，应该根据船东监理指导下再进行探伤。

The areas and locations of x - ray to be mutually agreed between Owner’s representative and Builder and the Class during building period.
X 射线检查的位置和范围在建造期间需要船东监理和建造者和船级社相互协商决定。

Radiographic inspections to be carried out to the satisfaction of Owner’s representative and class surveyors.
射线检查的检查技术应当令船东监理和验船师满意。

Hydrostatic tests to be carried out according to the requirements of the classification society, under the attendance of Owner’s representative and class surveyors.
静水力试验应该在船东代表和船级社验船师参与的情况下，根据船级社的要求进行。

Tests to be carried out before launching, however, alterations can be mutually agreed upon with Owner’s representative.
试验应在下水前进行。如有变动需要，可以与船东代表相互协商。

Compressed air testing can be carried out only, if accepted by the classification society.
如果船级社同意，可以只做气密试验。

Rooms with steel bulkheads which are permanently exposed to drip and splash water and which are covered - with cement or tiles, such as lavatories, galleys, laundries, drying rooms etc. to be filled with water up to the height of the coamings or visually inspected to control the tightness.
长久暴露于水滴和飞溅水处和敷设水泥或瓷砖处的钢质舱壁的房间，如：盥洗室，厨房，洗衣间，干衣间等应该注入至房间门槛的高度或者是通过目测来控制气密性。

Watertight bulkheads, deck plates etc. not subject to pressure tests to be fresh water hose tested after painting.
水密舱壁，甲板等不受压力试验影响的可在喷漆后冲淡水试验。

Similar hose tests to be carried out for all windows, side lights, hatch covers, watertight doors, exits, erection closures and as elsewhere necessary.
相类似的冲水试验可以用到所有窗户，舷侧灯、舱盖、水密门、逃口、直立封闭处和其他需要的地方。

Ultra - sonic test to be carried out for confirm tightness of hatch covers if the yard can do.
如果船厂可以做超声波试验，则应该用超声波来确认水密舱盖的密封性。

Tests to be carried out after completion of all works affecting the water tightness and before fitting the floor covering, the insulation, the lining etc.
该试验应在水密试验完成后和在装配地板敷料，绝缘材料，衬板等前进行。

If final coatings in tanks will be provided before hydrostatic test will be carried out, the welding seams of compartments, boundaries etc. to be covered by tapes.
如果在静水力试验前舱中实施舱内面漆，各舱室的焊缝，边界等应该贴上胶带。

Tapes to be removed before tests.
胶带需要在实验前去除。

Hose tests to be carried out with freshwater only.
软管试验只能用淡水。

However, some tanks and other compartments which are hydrostatically tested with seawater and painting has been provided already, to be washed down with freshwater after testing and to be totally dried and cleaned to the satisfaction of Owner’s representative and paint maker’s supervisors.
但是，如果一些舱和其他的舱室已经用海水进行了静水力试验并且已经提供了油漆，在实验后应该用淡水洗掉，完全干燥和清洗，使船东监理和制造商监理满意。

Suitable tests for confirm tightness of ship’s bottom plugs to be carried out before launching.
船底塞在下水之前应该进行一些适当的实验。

Ship’s tank structure strength tests to be carried out during sea trials as per rules of Classification Society.
根据船级社的规范要求船舶舱室的强度试验应该在试航期间进行。

The hull is the main structure of the ship, providing buoyancy and protection.
船壳是船舶的主要结构，提供浮力和保护。

The keel runs along the bottom centerline of the ship, enhancing longitudinal strength.
龙骨沿船底中心线延伸，增强纵向强度。

The bow is designed to cut through water efficiently, reducing resistance.
船首设计用于高效破水，减少阻力。

The stern houses the propeller and rudder, responsible for propulsion and steering.
船尾装有螺旋桨和舵，负责推进和转向。

The main deck is the primary working surface for cargo handling and crew activities.
主甲板是货物装卸和船员活动的主要工作面。

Transverse bulkheads divide the ship into separate compartments for safety.
横舱壁将船舶分隔成独立舱室，以保障安全。

Longitudinal bulkheads run parallel to the ship’s length, strengthening the hull.
纵舱壁与船舶长度平行，增强船体强度。

Cargo holds are enclosed spaces below deck used for storing goods.
货舱是甲板下方的封闭空间，用于存放货物。

Ballast tanks are filled with water to stabilize the ship during empty cargo trips.
压载舱在空载航行时注水以稳定船舶。

Fuel oil tanks are located in the lower parts of the hull to minimize center of gravity.
燃油舱位于船体下部，以降低重心。

The engine room is a dedicated space housing the main engine and auxiliary machinery.
机舱是容纳主机和辅助机械的专用空间。

The wheelhouse (bridge) is the command center where navigation and ship control occur.
驾驶室（舰桥）是进行航行和船舶控制的指挥中心。

The steering gear room contains equipment that controls the movement of the rudder.
舵机室装有控制舵叶运动的设备。

The chain locker stores the anchor chain when the anchor is not in use.
锚链舱在锚不使用时存放锚链。

The forecastle is the raised deck at the bow, providing space for mooring equipment.
首楼是船首的升高甲板，为系泊设备提供空间。

The poop deck is the raised deck at the stern, often used for crew quarters.
尾楼是船尾的升高甲板，常被用作船员住舱。

Superstructures include the bridge, accommodation blocks, and other above - deck structures.
上层建筑包括驾驶室、住舱区和其他甲板上的结构。

The funnel (smokestack) vents exhaust gases from the engine room.
烟囱将机舱的废气排出。

Masts support antennas, navigation lights, and cargo - handling equipment.
桅杆支撑天线、航行灯和货物装卸设备。

Railings along deck edges prevent crew and equipment from falling overboard.
甲板边缘的栏杆防止船员和设备坠海。

Gangways provide a safe passage between the ship and the shore or another vessel.
舷梯为船舶与岸边或另一艘船之间提供安全通道。

Lifeboats are stored on davits, ready for deployment during emergencies.
救生艇存放在吊艇架上，紧急情况下可随时投放。

Liferafts are inflatable emergency devices stored in canisters on deck.
救生筏是充气式应急设备，存放在甲板上的容器中。

Mooring equipment, such as bollards and winches, secures the ship to the dock.
系泊设备（如缆桩和绞车）将船舶固定在码头。

The anchor, connected to the chain, keeps the ship stationary in water.
锚通过链条连接，使船舶在水中保持静止。

The rudder is controlled by the steering gear to change the ship’s direction.
舵由舵机控制，用于改变船舶航向。

The propeller converts engine power into thrust, moving the ship forward.
螺旋桨将发动机功率转化为推力，推动船舶前进。

Hatch covers seal cargo holds to protect goods from water and weather.
舱口盖密封货舱，保护货物免受水和天气影响。

Frames are curved steel members that form the hull’s shape and support the deck.
肋骨是弧形钢构件，构成船体形状并支撑甲板。

Beams run horizontally across the ship, connecting frames and reinforcing the deck.
横梁水平横跨船舶，连接肋骨并加固甲板。

Girders are heavy longitudinal beams that strengthen the hull.
桁材是重型纵向梁，用于加强船体。

The main frame is an important part of the hull structure.
主肋骨是船体结构的重要组成部分。

The bracket is used to strengthen the connection between components.
肘板用于加强构件之间的连接。

The doubler is used to increase the strength of local areas.
重磅用于增加局部区域的强度。

The toe of the structure needs to be paid attention to during construction.
结构的趾端在施工过程中需要注意。

The collar plate is used for repair or reinforcement.
补板用于修理或加固。

The scollop hole is a special - shaped hole in the structure.
R 孔是结构中的一种异形孔。

The build - up is a common defect in welding.
长肉是焊接中常见的缺陷。

The side longitudinal strengthens the side of the hull.
舷侧纵骨加强船体的侧面。

The rail is for safety protection on the deck.
栏杆用于甲板上的安全防护。

The face plate is an important part of the cross - section of the member.
面板是构件横截面的重要部分。

The web plate supports the face plate and transfers force.
腹板支撑面板并传递力。

The slot is a through - hole in the structure.
贯穿孔是结构中的一种通孔。

The angle is a commonly used profile in shipbuilding.
角钢是造船中常用的型材。

The block is a part of the hull during construction.
分段是船体建造过程中的一个部分。

The erection is the process of assembling blocks.
合拢是分段装配的过程。

The butt welding is a common welding method.
对接焊是一种常见的焊接方法。

The fillet welding is used to connect two components at an angle.
角焊缝用于连接两个成一定角度的构件。

The root pass welding is the first layer of welding.
打底焊是焊接的第一层。

The defect needs to be repaired in time.
缺陷需要及时修复。

The channel is a type of profile with a specific cross - section.
槽钢是一种具有特定横截面的型材。

The stiffener is used to increase the rigidity of the structure.
扶强材用于增加结构的刚度。

The flange is a protruding part of the member.
折边 / 法兰是构件的突出部分。

The add - on welding is used for reinforcement.
加焊用于加固。

The deformation of the structure needs to be corrected.
结构的变形需要校正。

The misalignment is a common problem in assembly.
错位是装配中常见的问题。

The crack is a serious defect that needs to be dealt with immediately.
裂纹是一种严重的缺陷，需要立即处理。