法规与证书类

 

1.Q：MARPOL 附则 II 中关于有毒液体物质的分类标准是什么？

 

A：MARPOL 附则 II 将有毒液体物质按 “对海洋环境危害程度” 分为 X、Y、Z 三类及 “其他物质”：X 类为 “严重危害” 物质，若排放会对海洋生物或人类健康造成严重、持久危害（如苯、汞化合物），排放需严格符合 “零排放” 要求；Y 类为 “中等危害” 物质，排放会造成可察觉危害（如甲醇、硫酸），需控制排放浓度（通常≤15ppm）；Z 类为 “轻微危害” 物质，排放仅造成短暂影响（如乙二醇、氢氧化钠溶液），排放浓度需≤100ppm；“其他物质” 指危害程度未达上述三类的物质，需满足港口或区域特殊排放规定，所有分类物质的排放均需记录在《货物记录簿》中。

 

Q: What is the classification standard for noxious liquid substances in MARPOL Annex II?

 

A: MARPOL Annex II classifies noxious liquid substances into Categories X, Y, Z and "Other Substances" based on "hazard degree to the marine environment": Category X is "severely hazardous" substances, whose discharge will cause severe and long-lasting harm to marine organisms or human health (e.g., benzene, mercury compounds), and their discharge must strictly meet the "zero discharge" requirement; Category Y is "moderately hazardous" substances, whose discharge will cause detectable harm (e.g., methanol, sulfuric acid), and their discharge concentration must be controlled (usually ≤15ppm); Category Z is "slightly hazardous" substances, whose discharge only causes temporary impacts (e.g., ethylene glycol, sodium hydroxide solution), and their discharge concentration must be ≤100ppm; "Other Substances" refer to substances whose hazard degree does not meet the above three categories, which must comply with special port or regional discharge regulations. The discharge of all classified substances must be recorded in the Cargo Record Book.

 

2.Q：油化船船员需持有哪些特殊证书？证书有效期如何管理？

 

A：特殊证书包括：一是《油船、化学品船货物操作高级培训证书》（Tanker Cargo Operations Advanced Training Certificate），证明具备货油 / 化学品操作能力；二是《船舶保安员证书》（Ship Security Officer Certificate），若船舶符合 ISPS 规则；三是《精通急救证书》（Proficiency in First Aid Certificate）及《高级消防证书》（Advanced Fire Fighting Certificate），适配油化船应急需求；四是《特殊类型船舶船员特殊培训证书》（Special Training Certificate for Crew on Special Type Ships），针对低温化学品船等特殊船型。有效期管理：上述证书有效期通常为 5 年，到期前 3 个月需向海事机构申请再有效评估，评估内容包括理论考核（法规更新、操作流程）和实操测试（如货油取样、应急处置）；证书需随身携带或存放在船舶证书室，港口国检查时需随时出示，证书遗失需立即申请补发，补发期间需提供海事机构出具的临时证明。

 

Q: What special certificates must oil chemical tanker crew hold? How to manage the validity period of certificates?

 

A: Special certificates include: 1. Tanker Cargo Operations Advanced Training Certificate, proving the ability to operate cargo oil/chemicals; 2. Ship Security Officer Certificate, if the ship complies with the ISPS Code; 3. Proficiency in First Aid Certificate and Advanced Fire Fighting Certificate, adapting to the emergency needs of oil chemical tankers; 4. Special Training Certificate for Crew on Special Type Ships, for special ship types such as low-temperature chemical tankers. Validity management: The validity period of the above certificates is usually 5 years. The re-validation assessment must be applied to the maritime authority 3 months before expiration. The assessment includes theoretical examination (regulation updates, operation procedures) and practical tests (e.g., cargo sampling, emergency disposal); certificates must be carried with you or stored in the ship's certificate room, and must be presented at any time during Port State Control (PSC) inspection; if a certificate is lost, an application for reissue must be made immediately, and a temporary certificate issued by the maritime authority must be provided during the reissue period.

 

3.Q：SOLAS 公约中对油化船货油舱透气系统的要求有哪些？

 

A：SOLAS 公约的核心要求包括：一是透气装置类型，货油舱需配备 “压力 / 真空阀（P/V Valve）” 或 “呼吸阀”，确保舱内压力超压（通常≥0.02MPa）时自动泄压，负压（通常≤-0.002MPa）时自动进气，防止舱体变形；二是防火安全，透气出口需安装 “防火网” 或 “火焰 Arrestor（阻火器）”，网孔尺寸≤1.5mm，阻火器需采用铜合金等不产生火花的材质，防止外部火源进入舱内；三是安装位置，透气出口需高于甲板 6 米以上（若位于船首或船尾，需高于上层建筑 2 米），且避开人员通道和救生设备存放区；四是系统标识，透气管线需涂刷橙色标识，标注 “Cargo Tank Vent” 字样，阀门需有开关状态指示；五是维护要求，每季度检查透气阀密封性和阻火器畅通性，年度检修时拆解清洁，确保功能正常。

 

Q: What are the requirements for the cargo tank venting system of oil chemical tankers in the SOLAS Convention?

 

A: The core requirements of the SOLAS Convention include: 1. Type of vent device - cargo tanks must be equipped with "Pressure/Vacuum Valves (P/V Valves)" or "Breathing Valves" to ensure automatic pressure relief when the tank pressure is overpressured (usually ≥0.02MPa) and automatic air intake when under negative pressure (usually ≤-0.002MPa) to prevent tank deformation; 2. Fire safety - the vent outlet must be equipped with a "fire screen" or "flame arrestor" with a mesh size ≤1.5mm, and the flame arrestor must be made of spark-free materials such as copper alloy to prevent external fire sources from entering the tank; 3. Installation position - the vent outlet must be more than 6 meters above the deck (if located at the bow or stern, it must be 2 meters above the superstructure), and avoid personnel passages and life-saving equipment storage areas; 4. System identification - the vent pipeline must be painted with orange identification, marked with "Cargo Tank Vent", and the valve must have an on-off status indicator; 5. Maintenance requirements - check the tightness of the vent valve and the smoothness of the flame arrestor quarterly, and disassemble and clean during annual overhaul to ensure normal function.

 

4.Q：《国际散装化学品规则》（IBC Code）的核心内容是什么？如何应用于实际作业？

 

A：核心内容包括四部分：一是货物分类，将散装化学品按物理化学特性（如闪点、毒性、腐蚀性）分为 1-9 类，明确每类货物的运输限制；二是船舶构造要求，规定油化船需采用 “独立液舱” 或 “整体液舱” 结构，舱体材质需与货物兼容（如不锈钢用于强腐蚀货物），配备双层底或隔离舱；三是操作程序，规范货油装卸、清洗、压载等流程，明确惰性气体系统、温度控制系统的使用标准；四是应急处置，提供不同类型化学品泄漏、火灾的应急方案，包含急救措施和污染控制要求。实际应用：作业前查阅 IBC Code 中对应货物的 “船舶配载要求”，确认舱室兼容性；装卸时按规则设定货油泵压力（如腐蚀性货物压力≤0.3MPa）；清洗货舱时参照规则选择清洁剂（如碱性清洁剂用于酸性货物残留）；应急时根据规则推荐的灭火介质（如干粉用于易燃化学品）开展处置，确保所有操作符合规则条款。

 

Q: What is the core content of the International Bulk Chemical Code (IBC Code)? How to apply it to practical operations?

 

A: The core content includes four parts: 1. Cargo classification - classifies bulk chemicals into Categories 1-9 based on physical and chemical properties (e.g., flash point, toxicity, corrosiveness), and clarifies the transportation restrictions for each category; 2. Ship construction requirements - stipulates that oil chemical tankers must adopt "independent tank" or "integral tank" structures, the tank material must be compatible with the cargo (e.g., stainless steel for highly corrosive cargo), and be equipped with double bottoms or cofferdams; 3. Operation procedures - standardizes the processes of cargo loading/unloading, cleaning, ballasting, etc., and clarifies the use standards of the inert gas system and temperature control system; 4. Emergency disposal - provides emergency plans for leakage and fire of different types of chemicals, including first aid measures and pollution control requirements. Practical application: Before operation, refer to the "ship stowage requirements" of the corresponding cargo in the IBC Code to confirm tank compatibility; set the cargo pump pressure according to the code during loading/unloading (e.g., pressure ≤0.3MPa for corrosive cargo); select cleaning agents with reference to the code when cleaning cargo tanks (e.g., alkaline cleaning agents for acidic cargo residues); carry out disposal according to the fire-extinguishing medium recommended by the code (e.g., dry powder for flammable chemicals) during emergencies, ensuring all operations comply with the code provisions.

 

5.Q：港口国检查（PSC）中，针对油化船货物操作的重点检查项目有哪些？

 

A：重点检查项目包括：一是证书文件，核查《货物记录簿》（记录是否完整，如装卸时间、货量、排放数据）、船员特殊培训证书（有效性及与岗位匹配度）、货物安全技术说明书（MSDS 是否齐全，是否与实际货物一致）；二是设备状态，检查货油泵、惰性气体系统、液位计的运行情况（如启动测试是否正常），货油软管 / 管线的密封性（有无老化、泄漏痕迹），消防设备（如干粉灭火器、泡沫系统）的压力及有效期；三是操作流程，查看货油装卸计划（是否符合稳性要求）、舱内气体检测记录（如氧气、有毒气体浓度记录是否规范）、应急演练记录（如溢油、火灾演练是否定期开展）；四是防污染措施，检查油水分离器的运行记录（排放浓度是否≤15ppm），残油接收记录（是否按规定交由港口接收设施），甲板排水孔是否安装防污染挡板。若发现严重缺陷（如设备无法运行、证书失效），船舶可能被滞留，直至缺陷整改合格。

 

Q: What are the key inspection items for oil chemical tanker cargo operations in Port State Control (PSC)?

 

A: Key inspection items include: 1. Certificate documents - verify the Cargo Record Book (whether the records are complete, such as loading/unloading time, cargo quantity, discharge data), crew special training certificates (validity and job matching), and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) (whether complete and consistent with the actual cargo); 2. Equipment status - check the operation of cargo pumps, inert gas systems, and level gauges (e.g., whether the start-up test is normal), the tightness of cargo hoses/pipelines (whether there are signs of aging or leakage), and the pressure and validity period of fire-fighting equipment (e.g., dry powder fire extinguishers, foam systems); 3. Operation procedures - check the cargo loading/unloading plan (whether it meets stability requirements), in-tank gas detection records (e.g., whether oxygen and toxic gas concentration records are standardized), and emergency drill records (e.g., whether oil spill and fire drills are conducted regularly); 4. Anti-pollution measures - check the operation records of the oil-water separator (whether the discharge concentration is ≤15ppm), the residual oil reception records (whether handed over to port reception facilities as required), and whether the deck drain holes are equipped with anti-pollution baffles. If serious defects are found (e.g., inoperable equipment, invalid certificates), the ship may be detained until the defects are rectified.

 

6.Q：船舶最低安全配员证书中，对油化船大副的职责界定有何特殊要求？

 

A：特殊要求体现在 “安全与操作双重责任”：一是货物安全主导职责，明确大副为 “货油作业总负责人”，需制定货油装卸 / 清洗计划，监督货物兼容性检查、舱内气体检测等关键环节，确保符合 MARPOL、IBC Code 等法规；二是应急处置核心职责，规定大副在货油泄漏、火灾等应急场景中为 “现场指挥”，需组织船员实施堵漏、灭火、人员救援，并向船长汇报处置进展；三是设备管理专项职责，要求大副负责货油系统（货油泵、管线、液位计）、惰性气体系统的日常检查与维护，确保设备处于适航状态，每周需提交设备状态报告至船长；四是船员管理职责，需对甲板部船员进行油化船特殊作业培训（如有毒货物防护、应急操作），考核船员操作技能，确保船员具备岗位胜任能力；五是记录与报告职责，需完整填写《货物记录簿》《设备维护记录》，在港口国检查时配合提供相关文件，若发生货损或污染事件，需协助船长撰写事故报告。

 

Q: What are the special requirements for defining the duties of the chief officer of an oil chemical tanker in the Ship's Minimum Safe Manning Certificate?

 

A: The special requirements are reflected in the "dual responsibility of safety and operation": 1. Leading responsibility for cargo safety - clearly defines the chief officer as the "general person in charge of cargo operations", who must formulate cargo loading/unloading/cleaning plans, supervise key links such as cargo compatibility inspection and in-tank gas detection, and ensure compliance with regulations such as MARPOL and IBC Code; 2. Core responsibility for emergency disposal - stipulates that the chief officer is the "on-site commander" in emergency scenarios such as cargo leakage and fire, who must organize crew to implement plugging, fire-fighting, and personnel rescue, and report the disposal progress to the captain; 3. Special responsibility for equipment management - requires the chief officer to be responsible for the daily inspection and maintenance of the cargo system (cargo pumps, pipelines, level gauges) and inert gas system to ensure the equipment is in seaworthy condition, and submit an equipment status report to the captain weekly; 4. Crew management responsibility - must provide special operation training for deck department crew (e.g., toxic cargo protection, emergency operation), assess crew operation skills, and ensure crew have job competence; 5. Record and report responsibility - must completely fill in the Cargo Record Book and Equipment Maintenance Record, cooperate in providing relevant documents during PSC inspection, and assist the captain in writing accident reports in case of cargo damage or pollution incidents.

 

7.Q：MARPOL 附则 VI 对油化船排放控制的要求如何影响货物操作计划？

 

A：主要从 “燃料选择、作业时序、设备调整” 三方面影响：一是燃料硫含量限制，MARPOL 附则 VI 规定排放控制区（ECA，如波罗的海、北美海域）内燃料硫含量≤0.1%，非控制区≤0.5%，若船舶使用高硫燃料，需在进入 ECA 前更换为低硫燃料，此过程需暂停货油作业（约 2-4 小时），因此需在制定装卸计划时预留燃料更换时间，避免影响港口靠泊时效；二是氮氧化物（NOx）排放限制，要求船舶主机、发电机需符合 Tier III 排放标准，若船舶在货油作业期间需启动备用发电机（如补充电力），需确认发电机是否达标，若不达标，需调整作业负荷（如分批次装卸），减少备用发电机使用；三是挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）控制，对易挥发货物（如汽油、石脑油）要求在装卸时启用 VOC 回收系统，因此需在计划中明确 VOC 系统的启动时间（与货油泵同步），并安排人员监控回收效率（通常要求回收率≥95%）；四是碳排放核算，部分港口要求提交货物运输碳排放报告，需在计划中记录货油装卸量、航行里程、燃料消耗量，用于后续核算，确保符合区域碳减排要求。

 

Q: How do the emission control requirements of MARPOL Annex VI affect the cargo operation plan of oil chemical tankers?

 

A: The main impacts are from three aspects: "fuel selection, operation timing, and equipment adjustment": 1. Fuel sulfur content limit - MARPOL Annex VI stipulates that the fuel sulfur content in Emission Control Areas (ECA, such as the Baltic Sea, North American waters) is ≤0.1%, and ≤0.5% in non-control areas. If the ship uses high-sulfur fuel, it must be replaced with low-sulfur fuel before entering the ECA. This process requires suspending cargo operations (about 2-4 hours), so fuel replacement time must be reserved when formulating the loading/unloading plan to avoid affecting port berthing efficiency; 2. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission limit - requires the ship's main engine and generator to meet Tier III emission standards. If the ship needs to start the standby generator during cargo operations (e.g., supplementary power), it must confirm whether the generator meets the standard. If not, adjust the operation load (e.g., batch loading/unloading) to reduce the use of the standby generator; 3. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) control - requires the activation of the VOC recovery system during loading/unloading of volatile cargo (e.g., gasoline, naphtha). Therefore, the start time of the VOC system (synchronized with the cargo pump) must be clearly defined in the plan, and personnel must be arranged to monitor the recovery efficiency (usually requiring a recovery rate ≥95%); 4. Carbon emission accounting - some ports require submission of cargo transportation carbon emission reports, so the cargo loading/unloading volume, sailing mileage, and fuel consumption must be recorded in the plan for subsequent accounting to ensure compliance with regional carbon emission reduction requirements.

 

8.Q：《国际防止船舶造成污染规则》中，对油化船压载水排放的特殊规定是什么？

 

 

A：特殊规定聚焦 “防交叉污染” 和 “区域限制”：一是压载水来源限制，禁止使用货油舱内的残留水作为压载水（防止货物残留污染海域），压载水需取自清洁海域（盐度≥30‰或经检测无有害微生物），且需记录取水位置、时间及水质检测数据；二是排放前处理要求，若压载水来自货油舱（如特殊情况下的应急压载），排放前需经 “压载水处理器”（如紫外线消毒、过滤系统）处理，确保水中货物残留浓度≤1ppm，且需通过船舶油水分离器二次过滤（排放浓度≤15ppm）；三是排放区域限制，禁止在禁排区（如海洋保护区、距海岸 12 海里内的敏感海域）排放压载水，若需在港口排放，需提前向港口国申请，获得批准后在指定接收设施排放，禁止直接排入海中；四是记录要求，需在《压载水记录簿》中详细记录压载水的装载、处理、排放时间、地点及数量，记录需保存至少 2 年，港口国检查时需随时核查；五是设备要求，油化船需配备专用压载水舱（与货油舱完全隔离），压载水管线需独立设置，禁止与货油管线交叉连接，防止串油污染。

 

Q: What are the special provisions for ballast water discharge of oil chemical tankers in the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)?

 

A: The special provisions focus on "anti-cross-contamination" and "regional restrictions": 1. Ballast water source restriction - prohibits the use of residual water in cargo tanks as ballast water (to prevent cargo residue from polluting the sea area). Ballast water must be taken from clean sea areas (salinity ≥30‰ or tested to be free of harmful microorganisms), and the water intake location, time and water quality test data must be recorded; 2. Pre-discharge treatment requirement - if ballast water is taken from cargo tanks (e.g., emergency ballast under special circumstances), it must be treated by a "ballast water treatment device" (e.g., ultraviolet disinfection, filtration system) before discharge to ensure the cargo residue concentration in the water is ≤1ppm, and must be filtered twice through the ship's oil-water separator (discharge concentration ≤15ppm); 3. Discharge area restriction - prohibits ballast water discharge in no-discharge areas (e.g., marine protected areas, sensitive sea areas within 12 nautical miles from the coast). If discharge is required in the port, an application must be made to the port state in advance, and discharge must be done at the designated reception facility after approval, and direct discharge into the sea is prohibited; 4. Record requirement - the loading, treatment, discharge time, location and quantity of ballast water must be recorded in detail in the Ballast Water Record Book, and the records must be kept for at least 2 years and be available for verification at any time during PSC inspection; 5. Equipment requirement - oil chemical tankers must be equipped with dedicated ballast tanks (completely isolated from cargo tanks), and ballast water pipelines must be independently set up, and cross-connection with cargo oil pipelines is prohibited to prevent oil cross-contamination.

 

9.Q：油化船的货物操作手册（COW Manual）需包含哪些必备内容？

 

A：必备内容需覆盖 “操作、安全、应急” 全流程：一是船舶基础信息，包括船舶吨位、货舱数量及舱容、货油系统设备参数（货油泵型号、惰性气体系统容量）、适用货物类型（如是否可载低温化学品）；二是货物操作流程，详细说明货油装载（预冷 / 预热要求、装载顺序、速度控制）、卸载（扫舱操作、残留控制）、转舱（流量调节、压力监控）的步骤，附流程图和关键参数表（如不同货物的最大装卸速度）；三是安全控制要求，包含舱内气体检测标准（氧气、有毒气体、可燃气体浓度限值）、静电防护措施（接地电阻要求、作业人员 PPE 配置）、热工作业许可流程（气体检测频次、监护要求）；四是设备操作指南，针对货油泵、液位计、温度控制系统等设备，说明启动前检查项目、操作步骤、常见故障排除方法，附设备原理图；五是应急处置方案，按 “泄漏、火灾、人员中毒” 等场景分类，明确应急响应步骤、责任分工（如大副为现场指挥、水手负责堵漏）、应急设备位置（如吸油毡、急救箱存放点）；六是法规依据，列出 MARPOL、IBC Code、SOLAS 等相关法规条款，确保操作合规性；七是记录表格，包含货油装卸记录、气体检测记录、设备维护记录的标准表格，便于船员填写。

 

Q: What essential content must the Cargo Operations Manual (COW Manual) of an oil chemical tanker include?

 

A: The essential content must cover the entire process of "operation, safety, and emergency": 1. Ship basic information, including ship tonnage, number of cargo tanks and tank capacity, cargo oil system equipment parameters (cargo pump model, inert gas system capacity), and applicable cargo types (e.g., whether it can carry low-temperature chemicals); 2. Cargo operation procedures, detailing the steps of cargo loading (pre-cooling/pre-heating requirements, loading sequence, speed control), unloading (tank stripping operation, residue control), and tank transfer (flow adjustment, pressure monitoring), with flow charts and key parameter tables (e.g., maximum loading/unloading speed for different cargoes); 3. Safety control requirements, including in-tank gas detection standards (oxygen, toxic gas, flammable gas concentration limits), static electricity protection measures (grounding resistance requirements, crew PPE configuration), and hot work permit process (gas detection frequency, supervision requirements); 4. Equipment operation guide, explaining the pre-startup inspection items, operation steps, and common troubleshooting methods for equipment such as cargo pumps, level gauges, and temperature control systems, with equipment schematic diagrams; 5. Emergency disposal plans, classified by scenarios such as "leakage, fire, personnel poisoning", clarifying emergency response steps, responsibility division (e.g., chief officer as on-site commander, sailor responsible for plugging), and emergency equipment locations (e.g., storage locations of oil absorbent mats and first aid kits); 6. Regulatory basis, listing relevant regulatory provisions such as MARPOL, IBC Code, and SOLAS to ensure operational compliance; 7. Record forms, including standard forms for cargo loading/unloading records, gas detection records, and equipment maintenance records, facilitating crew filling.

 

10.Q：国际海事组织（IMO）关于油化船安全距离的规定是什么？

 

A：IMO 主要通过《国际海上人命安全公约》（SOLAS）和《船舶定线制》规定安全距离，核心要求分 “航行中” 和 “停泊中” 两类：一是航行中安全距离，油化船与其他船舶（尤其是客船、液化气船）的最小会遇距离需≥2 海里，若在狭水道或通航密集区，需保持≥1 海里的安全距离，避免碰撞导致货物泄漏；若运输的是 X 类有毒液体物质或闪点＜60℃的易燃货物，需与其他船舶保持≥3 海里距离，且禁止在客船前方 5 海里内航行；二是停泊中安全距离，油化船在港口锚地或码头停泊时，与相邻船舶的距离需≥1.5 倍船长（若船长＞150 米，距离≥200 米），与危险品码头的距离需≥50 米，与油库、居民区等敏感区域的距离需≥100 米；三是特殊场景补充，在能见度不良（能见度＜1 海里）时，油化船需加倍安全距离（如会遇距离≥4 海里），并开启雾号（每 2 分钟鸣一长声）；在油污清理或应急处置期间，参与作业的船舶与溢油船的距离需≥500 米，防止二次污染或爆炸风险。上述距离需结合船舶雷达、AIS 系统实时监控，确保合规。

 

Q: What is the International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulation on the safety distance of oil chemical tankers?

 

A: IMO mainly stipulates the safety distance through the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) and Ship Routing Systems, with core requirements divided into "underway" and "moored" categories: 1. Safety distance underway - the minimum meeting distance between an oil chemical tanker and other ships (especially passenger ships and LPG carriers) must be ≥2 nautical miles; in narrow channels or busy navigation areas, a safety distance of ≥1 nautical mile must be maintained to avoid collision leading to cargo leakage; if transporting Category X noxious liquid substances or flammable cargo with a flash point ＜60℃, a distance of ≥3 nautical miles must be maintained from other ships, and navigation within 5 nautical miles in front of passenger ships is prohibited; 2. Safety distance when moored - when an oil chemical tanker is moored at a port anchorage or dock, the distance from adjacent ships must be ≥1.5 times the ship's length (if the ship's length ＞150 meters, the distance ≥200 meters), the distance from dangerous goods docks must be ≥50 meters, and the distance from sensitive areas such as oil depots and residential areas must be ≥100 meters; 3. Special scenario supplements - in poor visibility (visibility ＜1 nautical mile), oil chemical tankers must double the safety distance (e.g., meeting distance ≥4 nautical miles) and sound the fog signal (one long blast every 2 minutes); during oil pollution cleanup or emergency disposal, the distance between the ships involved in the operation and the oil-spill ship must be ≥500 meters to prevent secondary pollution or explosion risks. The above distances must be monitored in real time using the ship's radar and AIS system to ensure compliance.

 

团队管理类

 

11.Q：作为大副，如何分配货油作业时甲板部船员的岗位职责？

 

A：遵循 “定岗定责、分工协作” 原则，按作业环节分配：一是作业指挥岗（大副本人），负责整体协调，制定装卸计划，与码头对接参数，监控作业安全，处理突发情况；二是货舱监控岗（1 名资深水手），负责实时检查货舱液位、压力、温度，记录数据（每 30 分钟 1 次），发现异常立即报告，作业前后检查舱盖密封性；三是设备操作岗（2 名水手，分 A/B 班），A 班负责货油泵、惰性气体系统的启停与参数调整（如控制泵压≤0.4MPa），B 班负责货油软管 / 管线的连接、拆卸与密封性检查，作业中巡查设备有无泄漏、异响；四是安全监护岗（1 名值班水手），负责作业区域警戒，禁止无关人员进入，检查船员 PPE 佩戴情况（如防静电服、防毒面具），准备应急设备（吸油毡、灭火器），监测周围气体浓度（每 1 小时检测 1 次）；五是记录与通讯岗（1 名实习水手），负责填写《货物记录簿》（记录装卸时间、货量、压力数据），通过 VHF 保持与驾驶台、码头的通讯，传递作业指令，整理作业单据。所有岗位需明确交接流程（如 A/B 班交接时需确认设备状态、已完成工作量），确保无缝衔接。

 

Q: As the chief officer, how do you assign the job responsibilities of deck department crew during cargo operations?

 

A: Follow the principle of "fixed post and responsibility, division of labor and cooperation", and assign according to operation links: 1. Operation command post (chief officer himself), responsible for overall coordination, formulating loading/unloading plans, docking parameters with the dock, monitoring operation safety, and handling emergencies; 2. Cargo tank monitoring post (1 senior sailor), responsible for real-time inspection of cargo tank level, pressure, and temperature, recording data (once every 30 minutes), reporting abnormalities immediately, and checking the tightness of tank covers before and after operations; 3. Equipment operation post (2 sailors, divided into Team A and Team B), Team A is responsible for the start-stop and parameter adjustment of cargo pumps and inert gas systems (e.g., controlling pump pressure ≤0.4MPa), Team B is responsible for the connection, disassembly and tightness inspection of cargo hoses/pipelines, and inspecting equipment for leakage and abnormal noise during operations; 4. Safety supervision post (1 duty sailor), responsible for warning in the operation area, prohibiting irrelevant personnel from entering, checking the crew's PPE wearing (e.g., anti-static clothing, gas masks), preparing emergency equipment (oil absorbent mats, fire extinguishers), and monitoring the surrounding gas concentration (once every 1 hour); 5. Record and communication post (1 cadet sailor), responsible for filling in the Cargo Record Book (recording loading/unloading time, cargo quantity, pressure data), maintaining communication with the bridge and dock via VHF, transmitting operation instructions, and organizing operation documents. All posts must have a clear handover process (e.g., Team A and Team B must confirm equipment status and completed workload during handover) to ensure seamless connection.

 

12.Q：新船员上船后，你会如何对其进行油化船特殊作业的岗前培训？

 

A：采用 “理论 + 实操 + 考核” 三维培训模式，周期为 3 天：第一天理论培训，内容包括油化船特殊风险（有毒、易燃、腐蚀性货物危害）、相关法规（MARPOL 附则 II、IBC Code 核心条款）、船舶货油系统构造（货舱布局、惰性气体系统原理）、安全操作规程（PPE 佩戴标准、静电防护措施），培训后进行理论考核（满分 100 分，80 分合格）；第二天实操培训，分模块开展：一是设备操作（在模拟场景下操作货油泵启停、液位计读数、惰性气体系统参数调整），二是应急处置（模拟货油泄漏时的堵漏操作、人员中毒急救、灭火器使用），三是货物检查（识别 MSDS 关键信息、检查货舱清洁度、取样操作），由资深水手现场指导，确保新船员掌握操作要点；第三天跟岗实操，安排新船员跟随对应岗位的资深船员参与实际货油作业（如协助监控舱内参数、整理记录），不独立操作，由带教人员实时纠正不规范动作，作业后召开总结会，反馈培训效果；培训结束后颁发《油化船特殊作业培训合格证》，未通过考核的船员需重新培训，直至合格方可上岗。

 

Q: After new crew members board the ship, how do you conduct pre-job training for them on special operations of oil chemical tankers?

 

A: Adopt a three-dimensional training model of "theory + practical operation + assessment" with a cycle of 3 days: Day 1 - theoretical training, including special risks of oil chemical tankers (hazards of toxic, flammable, and corrosive cargoes), relevant regulations (core provisions of MARPOL Annex II and IBC Code), ship cargo oil system structure (cargo tank layout, inert gas system principle), and safety operation procedures (PPE wearing standards, static electricity protection measures). A theoretical assessment is conducted after training (full score 100, passing score 80); Day 2 - practical operation training, carried out in modules: 1. Equipment operation (operating cargo pump start-stop, level gauge reading, and inert gas system parameter adjustment in a simulated scenario), 2. Emergency disposal (simulated plugging operation in case of cargo leakage, first aid for personnel poisoning, use of fire extinguishers), 3. Cargo inspection (identifying key MSDS information, checking cargo tank cleanliness, sampling operation). Senior sailors provide on-site guidance to ensure new crew master operation points; Day 3 - on-the-job practical training, arranging new crew to follow senior sailors in corresponding positions to participate in actual cargo operations (e.g., assisting in monitoring in-tank parameters, organizing records) without independent operation. The instructor corrects non-standard actions in real time, and a summary meeting is held after the operation to feedback training effects; after the training, a "Oil Chemical Tanker Special Operation Training Certificate" is issued. Crew who fail the assessment must retrain until they pass before taking up their posts.

 

13.Q：作业中船员出现操作失误时，你会如何处理以避免类似问题再次发生？

 

A：遵循 “止损优先、教育为主、系统改进” 原则处理：第一步即时处置，立即暂停相关作业，纠正错误操作（如船员误开非作业舱室阀门，立即关闭并检查有无货物泄漏），若已造成轻微后果（如少量货油滴漏），组织清理并评估影响，确保无安全隐患后再恢复作业；第二步原因分析，作业结束后与该船员单独沟通，了解失误原因（是技能不熟练、注意力不集中还是流程不清晰），不单纯批评，而是共同分析问题，如因不熟悉新设备导致失误，需明确培训缺口；第三步针对性改进，若为技能问题，安排该船员跟随资深船员进行 1-2 次专项实操练习（如反复练习货油软管连接）；若为流程问题，修订作业指导书（如在关键阀门处增加标识，注明 “非作业时关闭”）；若为注意力问题，调整排班（避免该船员连续高强度作业）；第四步全员警示，在甲板部例会中通报失误情况（隐去船员姓名，保护隐私），讲解错误后果及正确操作方法，组织全员重新学习相关规程，必要时开展针对性应急演练（如模拟阀门误操作的处置）；第五步跟踪验证，后续作业中重点关注该船员的操作，以及改进措施的落实情况（如标识是否清晰、培训是否到位），确保类似失误不再发生。

 

 

Q: When a crew member makes an operational mistake during operations, how do you handle it to avoid similar problems from happening again?

 

A: Handle in accordance with the principle of "loss prevention first, education-oriented, and systematic improvement": Step 1 - immediate disposal, immediately suspend relevant operations, correct wrong operations (e.g., if a sailor mistakenly opens a valve of a non-operating tank, close it immediately and check for cargo leakage). If minor consequences have been caused (e.g., a small amount of cargo oil dripping), organize cleaning and assess the impact, and resume operations only after ensuring no safety hazards; Step 2 - cause analysis, communicate with the crew member individually after the operation to understand the cause of the mistake (whether it is unskilled skills, inattention, or unclear procedures), not just criticize, but jointly analyze the problem. For example, if the mistake is caused by unfamiliarity with new equipment, the training gap must be clarified; Step 3 - targeted improvement, if it is a skill problem, arrange the crew member to follow a senior sailor for 1-2 special practical exercises (e.g., repeated practice of cargo hose connection); if it is a process problem, revise the operation guide (e.g., add a mark at the key valve, indicating "closed when not in operation"); if it is an attention problem, adjust the schedule (avoid the crew member working continuously at high intensity); Step 4 - warning for all, report the mistake in the deck department meeting (hide the crew's name to protect privacy), explain the consequences of the mistake and the correct operation method, organize all crew to re-learn relevant procedures, and conduct targeted emergency drills if necessary (e.g., simulating the disposal of wrong valve operation); Step 5 - follow-up verification, focus on the crew member's operation in subsequent operations and the implementation of improvement measures (e.g., whether the mark is clear, whether the training is in place) to ensure similar mistakes do not occur again.

 

14.Q：如何组织甲板部船员进行定期的应急演练，确保演练效果？

 

A：按 “计划 - 实施 - 复盘 - 改进” 四步组织，每月 1 次，每次聚焦 1 个场景：第一步制定演练计划，提前 1 周发布演练通知，明确场景（如货油泄漏、舱内火灾、人员中毒）、时间（选择非作业时段，约 1 小时）、人员分工（指挥、操作、监护、记录）、考核标准（如堵漏完成时间≤5 分钟、急救操作规范），并准备演练物资（如模拟泄漏的软管、急救箱、灭火器）；第二步实施演练，以 “不预先告知细节” 的方式开展（仅提前 10 分钟通知集合），模拟真实应急场景：如模拟货油泄漏，大副下达指令，船员按分工行动（关闭阀门、布设吸油毡、检测气体），记录员实时记录各环节耗时及操作规范性（如是否正确佩戴 PPE），避免 “走过场”；第三步复盘总结，演练结束后立即召开复盘会，先由各岗位船员自评操作亮点与不足（如 “堵漏时未先关闭上游阀门，导致泄漏量增加”），再由大副点评整体流程，指出问题（如通讯不及时、设备取用延迟），并结合 IMO 应急标准（如 SOLAS 应急响应要求）分析差距；第四步改进落实，针对复盘发现的问题制定改进措施：如通讯不及时则优化 VHF 频道分工（指定专用应急频道），设备取用延迟则重新规划应急物资存放位置（移至作业区域附近），并将改进措施纳入下次演练的考核重点，同时记录演练过程（文字、照片）存入《应急演练档案》，每季度汇总分析，确保演练效果持续提升。

 

Q: How to organize deck department crew to conduct regular emergency drills and ensure the drill effect?

 

A: Organize in four steps: "planning - implementation - review - improvement", once a month, focusing on 1 scenario each time: Step 1 - formulate a drill plan, issue a drill notice 1 week in advance, specifying the scenario (e.g., cargo leakage, in-tank fire, personnel poisoning), time (select non-operation period, about 1 hour), personnel division (command, operation, supervision, recording), assessment standards (e.g., plugging completion time ≤5 minutes, standardized first aid operation), and prepare drill materials (e.g., hoses simulating leakage, first aid kits, fire extinguishers); Step 2 - implement the drill, carry out in a "no advance notice of details" manner (only notify assembly 10 minutes in advance), simulating real emergency scenarios: such as simulating cargo leakage, the chief officer issues instructions, and the crew acts according to their division of labor (closing valves, laying oil absorbent mats, detecting gas). The recorder records the time consumption and operation standardization of each link in real time (e.g., whether PPE is correctly worn) to avoid "going through the motions"; Step 3 - review and summary, hold a review meeting immediately after the drill, first let the crew of each post self-evaluate the operation highlights and shortcomings (e.g., "did not close the upstream valve first during plugging, leading to increased leakage"), then the chief officer comments on the overall process, points out problems (e.g., delayed communication, delayed equipment access), and analyzes the gap combined with IMO emergency standards (e.g., SOLAS emergency response requirements); Step 4 - improvement and implementation, formulate improvement measures for the problems found in the review: if communication is delayed, optimize the VHF channel division (designate a dedicated emergency channel); if equipment access is delayed, re-plan the emergency material storage location (move to near the operation area), and include the improvement measures in the assessment focus of the next drill. At the same time, record the drill process (text, photos) and store it in the Emergency Drill File, and summarize and analyze it quarterly to ensure the drill effect is continuously improved.

 

15.Q：当甲板部船员之间因工作分工产生矛盾时，你会如何协调？

 

A：遵循 “客观公正、根源化解” 原则协调：第一步及时介入，发现矛盾或接到报告后，立即停止船员间的争执，将双方带至安静区域（如船员休息室），避免在作业现场激化矛盾，影响工作；第二步了解情况，分别与矛盾双方沟通，倾听各自诉求（如 A 水手认为 B 水手推诿 “设备巡检” 职责，B 水手认为该职责不在自己分工内），同时向周围见证船员核实实际情况，不偏听一方，明确矛盾核心（是分工不清晰还是个人情绪问题）；第三步澄清分工，若为分工不清晰，拿出《甲板部岗位职责说明书》，向双方重申各自岗位的核心职责（如 “设备巡检属于 A/B 班设备操作岗共同职责，需轮流执行”），并结合当前作业任务，明确当天的具体分工（如 “今日 A 班负责货油泵巡检，B 班负责管线巡检”），避免模糊表述；第四步疏导情绪，若矛盾涉及个人情绪（如因连续加班导致互相抱怨），先共情船员的工作压力（如 “最近作业强度大，大家都很辛苦”），再强调团队协作的重要性（如 “货油作业需相互配合，任何环节失误都可能引发安全风险”），引导双方换位思考（如 “若你负责对方的工作，会如何处理”）；第五步跟踪巩固，协调后观察双方在后续作业中的配合情况，若仍有隔阂，可安排两人共同完成一项简单任务（如一起整理应急物资），增进协作；同时在下次部门例会上，重申岗位职责和团队协作要求，避免类似矛盾再次发生。

 

Q: When there is a conflict between deck department crew due to work division, how do you coordinate?

 

A: Coordinate in accordance with the principle of "objectivity and fairness, root cause resolution": Step 1 - timely intervention, after discovering the conflict or receiving a report, immediately stop the dispute between the crew, take both parties to a quiet area (e.g., crew rest room), avoid intensifying the conflict at the operation site and affecting work; Step 2 - understand the situation, communicate with both parties of the conflict separately, listen to their respective demands (e.g., Sailor A thinks Sailor B shirks the responsibility of "equipment inspection", Sailor B thinks this responsibility is not in his division of labor), and verify the actual situation with the surrounding witnessing crew, not listening to one side, and clarify the core of the conflict (whether it is unclear division of labor or personal emotional issues); Step 3 - clarify the division of labor, if the division of labor is unclear, take out the Deck Department Job Responsibility Manual, reaffirm the core responsibilities of each position to both parties (e.g., "equipment inspection is a joint responsibility of the equipment operation posts of Team A and Team B, and must be performed in turn"), and clarify the specific division of labor for the day in combination with the current operation task (e.g., "Team A is responsible for cargo pump inspection today, Team B is responsible for pipeline inspection"), avoiding vague expressions; Step 4 - emotional guidance, if the conflict involves personal emotions (e.g., complaining to each other due to continuous overtime), first empathize with the crew's work pressure (e.g., "the operation intensity has been high recently, everyone has worked hard"), then emphasize the importance of team cooperation (e.g., "cargo operations require mutual cooperation, and mistakes in any link may trigger safety risks"), and guide both parties to think in perspective (e.g., "how would you handle it if you were responsible for the other party's work"); Step 5 - follow-up and consolidation, observe the cooperation between the two parties in subsequent operations after coordination. If there is still a gap, arrange the two to complete a simple task together (e.g., organizing emergency materials together) to enhance cooperation; at the same time, reaffirm the job responsibilities and team cooperation requirements in the next department meeting to avoid similar conflicts from happening again.

 

16.Q：如何评估船员的货油操作技能水平？针对薄弱环节如何改进？

 

A：采用 “多维评估 + 靶向改进” 模式：评估方法分三类：一是实操考核，每季度组织一次，设置 “货油装卸、设备维护、应急处置” 三个模块，如考核 “货油泵启停与压力控制”，要求船员在 5 分钟内完成操作，且压力波动≤±0.05MPa，由大副和资深水手共同评分（操作规范性 60 分、效率 30 分、安全意识 10 分）；二是日常观察，作业中记录船员的操作细节（如是否按流程检查设备、有无违规动作），如发现水手连接货油软管时未检查密封垫片，记录为 “密封检查环节缺失”，作为技能评估依据；三是理论测试，每半年开展一次，内容包括法规条款（如 MARPOL 附则 II）、设备原理（如惰性气体系统工作流程）、应急方案，采用闭卷考试，满分 100 分，70 分合格。薄弱环节改进：第一步统计分析，汇总评估结果，找出共性薄弱环节（如 “应急堵漏操作不熟练”）和个人薄弱点（如某船员 “液位计读数误差大”）；第二步分类改进，共性问题组织全员专项培训（如邀请机务工程师讲解堵漏技巧，开展 3 次实操练习），个人问题安排 “一对一” 带教（如让液位计操作熟练的水手指导该船员，每天练习 10 次读数，直至误差≤1cm）；第三步验证效果，改进后 2 周内进行二次评估（如重新考核堵漏操作，要求完成时间≤8 分钟），未达标的继续强化训练；第四步建立档案，为每位船员建立《技能评估档案》，记录评估结果、改进措施及效果，作为船员岗位调整、晋升的参考依据，确保技能水平持续提升。

 

Q: How to evaluate the crew's cargo operation skills? How to improve the weak links?

 

A: Adopt a "multi-dimensional assessment + targeted improvement" model: The assessment methods are divided into three categories: 1. Practical assessment, organized once a quarter, with three modules: "cargo loading/unloading, equipment maintenance, and emergency disposal". For example, assessing "cargo pump start-stop and pressure control" requires the crew to complete the operation within 5 minutes with a pressure fluctuation ≤±0.05MPa. The chief officer and senior sailors jointly score (60 points for operation standardization, 30 points for efficiency, 10 points for safety awareness); 2. Daily observation, recording the crew's operation details during operations (e.g., whether equipment is inspected according to procedures, whether there are irregular operations). For example, if a sailor fails to check the sealing gasket when connecting the cargo hose, it is recorded as "missing sealing inspection link" as the basis for skill assessment; 3. Theoretical test, conducted once every six months, covering regulatory provisions (e.g., MARPOL Annex II), equipment principles (e.g., inert gas system workflow), and emergency plans, using a closed-book exam with a full score of 100 and a passing score of 70. Improvement of weak links: Step 1 - statistical analysis, summarize the assessment results, identify common weak links (e.g., "unskilled emergency plugging operation") and individual weak points (e.g., a crew member has "large error in level gauge reading"); Step 2 - classified improvement, organize special training for all crew on common problems (e.g., invite a technical engineer to explain plugging skills and conduct 3 practical exercises), and arrange "one-on-one" coaching for individual problems (e.g., let the sailor proficient in level gauge operation guide the crew member, practice reading 10 times a day until the error ≤1cm); Step 3 - verify the effect, conduct a second assessment within 2 weeks after improvement (e.g., re-assess the plugging operation, requiring completion time ≤8 minutes), and continue intensive training for those who fail to meet the standard; Step 4 - establish a file, establish a "Skill Assessment File" for each crew member, recording assessment results, improvement measures and effects, as a reference for crew position adjustment and promotion, ensuring continuous improvement of skill levels.

 

17.Q：在高强度的货油作业期间，如何合理安排船员的休息时间以避免疲劳作业？

 

A：遵循 “法规合规、劳逸结合” 原则，结合 SOLAS 船员休息时间要求安排：一是科学排班，采用 “四班三运转” 制（每班 6 小时，含作业和休息），将作业时段（如 08:00-20:00）分为 4 个班次（08:00-14:00、11:00-17:00、14:00-20:00、17:00-23:00），确保每个船员每天休息时间≥10 小时（连续休息≥6 小时），避免连续作业超过 8 小时；二是灵活调整，若作业强度骤增（如码头要求 24 小时内完成装卸），临时启用 “加班补休” 机制，如某船员当天加班 2 小时，次日安排提前 2 小时下班，确保周休息时间≥77 小时（符合 SOLAS 要求）；三是优化作业流程，减少无效劳动，如将 “货舱检查” 与 “设备巡检” 合并进行（同一船员在巡查设备时同步检查舱内参数），缩短单次作

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