一、施工前准备 Preparation before Construction

技术资料 Technical Data

获取详细的船舶涂装设计图纸及相关工艺文件，明确各部位油漆的型号、规格、层数、膜厚要求以及配套体系。这些资料将作为油漆修补工作的重要依据，确保修补后的涂层与原设计一致。

Obtain detailed ship painting design drawings and relevant process documents, clarify the model, specification, number of layers, film thickness requirements and supporting system of the paint for each part. These materials will serve as an important basis for the paint repair work to ensure that the repaired coating is consistent with the original design.

工具与材料 Tools and Materials工具 Tools准备齐全动力打磨工具（如角磨机、直磨机）、手动打磨工具（如砂纸、钢丝刷）、铲刀、漆刷、滚筒、喷枪、搅拌器、湿膜测厚仪、干膜测厚仪、附着力测试仪等。所有工具在使用前需检查其性能是否良好，确保能正常工作。

Prepare a complete set of power grinding tools (such as angle grinders, straight grinders), manual grinding tools (such as sandpaper, wire brushes), spatulas, paintbrushes, rollers, spray guns, agitators, wet film thickness gauges, dry film thickness gauges, adhesion testers, etc. All tools need to be checked for their performance before use to ensure normal operation.

材料 Materials根据船舶涂装设计要求，准备相应的油漆材料，包括底漆、中间漆、面漆以及配套的稀释剂、固化剂等。同时，确保油漆在保质期内，且储存条件符合要求，无结皮、沉淀等现象。

According to the ship painting design requirements, prepare the corresponding paint materials, including primers, intermediate coats, topcoats and supporting thinners, curing agents, etc. At the same time, ensure that the paint is within the shelf life, and the storage conditions meet the requirements, without skinning, precipitation and other phenomena.

安全防护 Safety Protection作业人员必须佩戴符合标准的个人防护装备，如安全帽、防护眼镜、口罩、手套、工作服、安全鞋等，防止在施工过程中受到伤害。

Operators must wear standard personal protective equipment, such as safety helmets, protective glasses, masks, gloves, work clothes, safety shoes, etc. to prevent injuries during construction.

在施工区域设置明显的安全警示标识，严禁无关人员进入。对于高空、密闭空间等特殊作业环境，需制定专项安全措施，并严格执行。

Set up obvious safety warning signs in the construction area, and prohibit unauthorized personnel from entering. For special working environments such as high - altitude and confined spaces, special safety measures need to be formulated and strictly implemented.

确保施工场所通风良好，必要时安装通风设备，以降低油漆挥发气体浓度，防止火灾和爆炸事故发生。

Ensure good ventilation in the construction site, and install ventilation equipment if necessary to reduce the concentration of paint volatile gases and prevent fire and explosion accidents.

二、损伤区域评估与处理 Assessment and Treatment of Damaged Areas

损伤类型判断 Judgment of Damage Types

仔细检查船舶表面油漆损伤情况，常见的损伤类型包括：

Carefully check the paint damage on the ship's surface. Common damage types include:

机械损伤 Mechanical Damage如碰撞、刮擦、磨损等，导致油漆涂层局部脱落或变薄。

Mechanical damage such as collision, scratching, wear, etc., resulting in partial 脱落 or thinning of the paint coating.

焊接烧损 Welding Burn - through焊接作业时产生的高温使油漆烧焦、起泡或脱落。

The high temperature generated during welding operations causes the paint to char, blister or peel off.

锈蚀 Rusting由于钢材表面暴露在空气中，与水分、氧气等发生化学反应，导致油漆涂层下出现锈蚀现象。

Rusting occurs when the steel surface is exposed to the air and reacts chemically with moisture, oxygen, etc., resulting in rust under the paint coating.

损伤区域清理 Cleaning of Damaged Areas对于机械损伤和焊接烧损区域，首先使用铲刀、钢丝刷等工具去除损伤部位的松动油漆、焊渣、毛刺等杂质。然后，采用动力打磨工具将损伤区域打磨平整，边缘处打磨成一定坡度（一般为 1:10 - 1:15），以便后续油漆修补时能够更好地过渡和融合。

For mechanically damaged and welding - burned areas, first use tools such as spatulas and wire brushes to remove loose paint, welding slag, burrs and other impurities from the damaged parts. Then, use power grinding tools to grind the damaged area flat, and grind the edges into a certain slope (generally 1:10 - 1:15) to ensure better transition and integration during subsequent paint repair.

对于锈蚀区域，应彻底除锈。根据锈蚀程度，可采用喷砂、抛丸、动力工具打磨或手工除锈等方法。除锈等级要求达到 ISO 8501 - 1 标准中的 Sa2.5 级（非常彻底的喷射或抛射除锈）或 St3 级（非常彻底的手工和动力工具除锈），确保钢材表面无可见的油脂、污垢、氧化皮、铁锈和油漆涂层等附着物，呈现均匀的金属色泽。

For rusty areas, rust removal should be carried out thoroughly. According to the degree of rust, methods such as sandblasting, shot blasting, power tool grinding or manual rust removal can be used. The rust removal grade is required to reach Sa2.5 (very thorough blasting or shot blasting rust removal) or St3 (very thorough manual and power tool rust removal) in the ISO 8501 - 1 standard, ensuring that there are no visible oil, dirt, oxide scale, rust and paint coating and other attachments on the steel surface, presenting a uniform metallic luster.

1. 表面清洁 Surface Cleaning

在损伤区域处理完毕后，使用干净的揩布或压缩空气将表面的灰尘、碎屑等杂质清除干净。对于油污污染的部位，需用专用的清洗剂进行清洗，然后用清水冲洗干净，并确保表面干燥。表面清洁度应达到涂装施工要求，避免杂质影响油漆的附着力。

After the damaged area is treated, use a clean cloth or compressed air to remove dust, debris and other impurities from the surface. For parts contaminated by oil, special cleaning agents should be used for cleaning, and then rinsed with clean water and ensure the surface is dry. The surface cleanliness should meet the requirements of painting construction to avoid impurities affecting the adhesion of the paint.

三、油漆修补施工 Paint Repair Construction

底漆涂装 Primer Painting根据船舶涂装设计要求，选择合适的底漆。在涂装底漆前，应先将底漆搅拌均匀，对于双组分底漆，需按照规定的比例加入固化剂，并充分搅拌。搅拌后，应根据油漆产品说明书的要求，静置一定时间（熟化时间），使底漆达到最佳施工状态。

Select the appropriate primer according to the ship painting design requirements. Before painting the primer, stir the primer evenly. For two - component primers, add the curing agent in accordance with the specified ratio and stir thoroughly. After stirring, let it stand for a certain period of time (aging time) according to the requirements of the paint product manual to make the primer reach the best construction state.

底漆涂装可采用刷涂、滚涂或喷涂等方法。对于小面积损伤区域或边角部位，宜采用刷涂或滚涂，以确保涂层均匀、无漏涂。对于大面积损伤区域，可采用喷涂方式，提高施工效率。喷涂时，应调整好喷枪的压力、流量和喷涂角度，使底漆均匀地覆盖在损伤区域及周边过渡区域。底漆干膜厚度应符合设计要求，一般通过湿膜测厚仪进行现场监控，确保湿膜厚度达到规定值，从而保证干膜厚度。

The primer can be applied by brushing, rolling or spraying. For small - area damaged areas or corner parts, brushing or rolling is preferred to ensure a uniform coating and no missed coating. For large - area damaged areas, spraying can be used to improve construction efficiency. When spraying, adjust the pressure, flow rate and spraying angle of the spray gun to make the primer evenly cover the damaged area and the surrounding transition area. The dry film thickness of the primer should meet the design requirements. Generally, it is monitored on - site by a wet film thickness gauge to ensure that the wet film thickness reaches the specified value, thus ensuring the dry film thickness.

中间漆涂装 Intermediate Coat Painting底漆涂装完成并干燥后（干燥时间根据油漆产品说明书确定），进行中间漆涂装。中间漆的作用是增强涂层的厚度和附着力，提高涂层的防护性能。在涂装中间漆前，同样需将中间漆搅拌均匀，并根据需要加入适量的稀释剂，调整漆液的黏度至合适范围。

After the primer is painted and dried (the drying time is determined according to the paint product manual), the intermediate coat is painted. The function of the intermediate coat is to increase the thickness and adhesion of the coating and improve the protective performance of the coating. Before painting the intermediate coat, stir the intermediate coat evenly and add an appropriate amount of thinner as needed to adjust the viscosity of the paint liquid to a suitable range.

中间漆涂装方法与底漆类似，可根据实际情况选择刷涂、滚涂或喷涂。涂装过程中，要注意涂层的均匀性和完整性，避免出现流挂、漏涂等缺陷。中间漆干膜厚度也应符合设计要求，通过湿膜测厚仪和干膜测厚仪进行检测和控制。

The painting method of the intermediate coat is similar to that of the primer, and brushing, rolling or spraying can be selected according to the actual situation. During the painting process, pay attention to the uniformity and integrity of the coating to avoid defects such as sagging and missed coating. The dry film thickness of the intermediate coat should also meet the design requirements and be detected and controlled by a wet film thickness gauge and a dry film thickness gauge.

面漆涂装 Topcoat Painting中间漆干燥后，进行面漆涂装。面漆主要起到装饰和保护的作用，使船舶表面具有良好的外观和耐候性能。选择与原船舶面漆相同型号和颜色的油漆进行涂装。在涂装面漆前，对漆液进行充分搅拌和过滤，去除可能存在的杂质，确保面漆质量。

After the intermediate coat is dry, the topcoat is painted. The topcoat mainly plays a decorative and protective role, giving the ship's surface a good appearance and weather resistance. Select the same model and color of paint as the original ship topcoat for painting. Before painting the topcoat, stir and filter the paint liquid thoroughly to remove possible impurities and ensure the quality of the topcoat.

面漆涂装可采用喷涂或刷涂、滚涂相结合的方法。对于大面积平整表面，优先采用喷涂，以获得光滑、均匀的涂层表面。对于边角、不易喷涂的部位，采用刷涂或滚涂进行修补。面漆涂装过程中，要严格控制涂层厚度，避免过厚或过薄。同时，注意涂层的光泽度和颜色均匀性，使其与原船舶面漆保持一致。

The topcoat can be applied by a combination of spraying, brushing and rolling. For large - area flat surfaces, spraying is preferred to obtain a smooth and uniform coating surface. For corners and parts that are difficult to spray, brushing or rolling is used for repair. During the topcoat painting process, strictly control the coating thickness to avoid being too thick or too thin. At the same time, pay attention to the gloss and color uniformity of the coating to keep it consistent with the original ship topcoat.

四、质量检验 Quality Inspection

外观检查 Appearance Inspection

油漆修补完成后，首先进行外观检查。检查修补区域的涂层表面是否平整、光滑，有无流挂、气泡、针孔、漏涂、颗粒等缺陷。涂层颜色应与原船舶涂层颜色一致，无明显色差。修补区域与周边原涂层的过渡应自然、平整，无高低不平现象。

After the paint repair is completed, an appearance inspection is carried out first. Check whether the surface of the repaired coating is flat and smooth, and whether there are defects such as sagging, bubbles, pinholes, missed coating, particles, etc. The color of the coating should be the same as that of the original ship coating, without obvious color difference. The transition between the repaired area and the surrounding original coating should be natural and flat, without unevenness.

膜厚检测 Film Thickness Detection

使用干膜测厚仪对修补区域的涂层膜厚进行检测。在修补区域均匀选取多个测量点，每个测量点测量 3 - 5 次，取平均值作为该点的膜厚值。测量点的分布应能代表整个修补区域的膜厚情况。将测量得到的膜厚平均值与设计要求的膜厚进行比较，膜厚偏差应在允许范围内。如果膜厚不符合要求，应分析原因并进行相应的修补。

Use a dry film thickness gauge to detect the coating film thickness of the repaired area. Uniformly select multiple measurement points in the repaired area, and measure each point 3 - 5 times, and take the average value as the film thickness value of that point. The distribution of measurement points should be able to represent the film thickness of the entire repaired area. Compare the average film thickness obtained from the measurement with the film thickness required by the design, and the film thickness deviation should be within the allowable range. If the film thickness does not meet the requirements, analyze the reasons and carry out corresponding repairs.

附着力测试 Adhesion Test

采用划格法或拉开法对修补区域涂层的附着力进行测试。划格法是用专用的划格刀具在涂层表面划出一定规格的方格，然后用胶带粘贴在方格上，迅速拉起胶带，观察方格内涂层的脱落情况，根据相关标准判断附着力等级。拉开法是使用附着力测试仪，将测试头与涂层表面粘结牢固，然后施加拉力，直至涂层被拉开，读取附着力数值，并与油漆产品说明书中的要求进行对比。附着力测试结果应符合设计和相关标准要求，确保修补后的涂层具有良好的附着力。

Use the cross - cutting method or the pull - off method to test the adhesion of the repaired area coating. The cross - cutting method is to use a special cross - cutting tool to draw squares of a certain specification on the coating surface, then stick adhesive tape on the squares, quickly pull up the tape, observe the peeling of the coating in the squares, and judge the adhesion grade according to relevant standards. The pull - off method is to use an adhesion tester to firmly bond the test head to the coating surface, then apply tension until the coating is pulled off, read the adhesion value, and compare it with the requirements in the paint product manual. The adhesion test results should meet the design and relevant standard requirements to ensure that the repaired coating has good adhesion.

五、注意事项 Precautions

1. 施工环境要求 Construction Environment Requirements

油漆修补施工应在适宜的环境条件下进行。环境温度一般应控制在 5℃ - 35℃之间，相对湿度不超过 85%。当环境温度过低或过高、湿度过大时，会影响油漆的干燥速度和涂层质量，如导致涂层干燥缓慢、出现流挂、起泡等缺陷。在雨天、雪天、雾天以及风力较大的天气条件下，严禁露天进行油漆修补作业。

Paint repair construction should be carried out under suitable environmental conditions. The ambient temperature should generally be controlled between 5℃ - 35℃, and the relative humidity should not exceed 85%. When the ambient temperature is too low or too high, or the humidity is too high, it will affect the drying speed and coating quality of the paint, such as causing slow drying of the coating, sagging, blistering and other defects. It is strictly prohibited to carry out paint repair work outdoors in rainy, snowy, foggy and windy weather conditions.

油漆储存与使用 Paint Storage and Use

油漆应储存在阴凉、干燥、通风良好的仓库内，避免阳光直射和高温环境。不同种类、型号的油漆应分开存放，并做好标识，防止混淆。在使用油漆前，应检查油漆的保质期和质量状况，如发现油漆有结皮、沉淀、变色等异常现象，不得使用。油漆在混合和稀释过程中，应严格按照产品说明书的要求进行操作，确保油漆的性能不受影响。

The paint should be stored in a cool, dry and well - ventilated warehouse, avoiding direct sunlight and high - temperature environments. Different types and models of paint should be stored separately and labeled properly to prevent confusion. Before using the paint, check the shelf life and quality of the paint. If there are abnormal phenomena such as skinning, precipitation and discoloration, the paint should not be used. During the mixing and dilution of the paint, strictly follow the requirements of the product manual to ensure that the performance of the paint is not affected.

工序衔接与保护 Process Connection and Protection

在油漆修补施工过程中，要注意与其他工序的衔接和协调，避免因交叉作业导致已修补的涂层受到二次损伤。对于已完成油漆修补的区域，应采取适当的保护措施，如设置警示标识、覆盖保护膜等，防止人员踩踏、碰撞和其他物体刮擦。在后续的船舶建造或舾装作业中，要提醒相关作业人员注意对油漆涂层的保护，确保修补后的涂层质量和完整性。

During the paint repair construction process, pay attention to the connection and coordination with other processes to avoid secondary damage to the repaired coating due to cross - operations. For the areas where the paint repair has been completed, appropriate protection measures should be taken, such as setting up warning signs, covering protective films, etc. to prevent personnel from stepping on, colliding and other objects from scratching. In the subsequent ship construction or outfitting operations, remind relevant operators to pay attention to the protection of the paint coating to ensure the quality and integrity of the repaired coating.