1. 报警系统（Alarm System）相关问题

问题 1：报警信号传输的完整性与及时性

问题

当机械装置报警系统触发故障信号时，如何确保信号能准确、无延迟地发送至驾驶室、居住舱室等所有指定区域？报验中常出现部分区域接收不到信号或延迟的情况，其根源可能是什么？When a fault signal is triggered by the mechanical device alarm system, how to ensure that the signal is transmitted accurately and without delay to all designated areas such as the wheelhouse and accommodation cabins? During inspection, it is common that some areas fail to receive the signal or there is a delay. What may be the root causes?讨论

可能原因包括信号传输线路接触不良（poor contact of transmission lines）、报警系统电源切换不稳定（unstable power switchover）、延伸报警板与主系统的通讯协议不匹配（mismatch of communication protocols between extension alarm panels and the main system）。报验时需逐一测试各区域接收功能，模拟主电源故障时蓄电池供电状态下的信号传输。

问题 2：报警点数量与分类的准确性

问题

技术文件要求报警点约 300 个（含二进制和模拟信号），报验中如何验证实际报警点数量是否达标？且驾驶室报警需按 5 级紧急程度划分，若分类错误（如将 “停车级报警” 归为 “严重故障”），会带来哪些风险？The technical document requires about 300 alarm points (including binary and analog signals). During inspection, how to verify that the actual number of alarm points meets the standard? In addition, wheelhouse alarms must be divided into 5 urgency levels. What risks will arise if the classification is incorrect (e.g., classifying "shut-down group alarm" as "serious faults group alarm")?

讨论

需通过系统软件导出报警点清单（export alarm point list via system software），与设计图纸逐一核对；分类错误可能导致船员对紧急故障响应延迟（delayed response to urgent faults），甚至引发主机停机、安全事故，报验时需模拟各类故障，检查报警分组是否与设计一致。

2. 电站装置（Electric Generating Plant）相关问题

问题 1：发电机组自动起动与同步的可靠性

问题

主柴油发电机组需在电压 / 频率异常、过流时自动起动备用机组，报验中常出现备用机组无法自动起动或起动后无法与电网同步的问题，可能的原因是什么？The main diesel generator set is required to automatically start the standby unit in case of voltage/frequency abnormality or overcurrent. During inspection, it is common that the standby unit fails to start automatically or cannot synchronize with the power grid after starting. What may be the causes?

讨论

自动起动故障可能源于传感器参数设置错误（incorrect sensor parameter settings）、起动逻辑程序漏洞（vulnerabilities in starting logic programs）；同步失败可能是同步控制器精度不足（insufficient accuracy of synchronizing controller）或电网负荷波动过大（excessive grid load fluctuation）。需通过多次模拟故障测试，校准传感器和控制器参数。

问题 2：应急发电机的自动起动可靠性

问题

应急发电机需在应急配电板无电压时自动起动，报验中可能出现 “主电源故障后应急发电机未起动” 的情况，如何排查？The emergency generator shall start automatically when there is no voltage in the emergency switchboard. During inspection, it may occur that the emergency generator fails to start after the main power supply fault. How to troubleshoot?

讨论

需检查应急发电机的电压检测传感器（voltage detection sensor）是否正常、起动电池电量是否充足（sufficient battery power）、自动起动控制模块是否误触发保护（false triggering of protection by the automatic start control module）。报验时需模拟主电源完全失电场景，连续测试 3 次以上验证可靠性。

3. 辅助设备控制（Auxiliary Equipment Control）相关问题

问题 1：主空压机自动停机与重启逻辑

问题

主空压机需在滑油压力过低、排气温度过高时自动停机，且停机后需自动泄放排气并卸载重启。报验中若出现 “停机后无法重启” 或 “未泄放排气直接重启”，会导致什么后果？
The main air compressor shall automatically stop when the lubricating oil pressure is too low or the exhaust temperature is too high, and after stopping, it shall automatically release exhaust and restart under unloading. During inspection, if "failure to restart after stopping" or "restarting without releasing exhaust" occurs, what consequences will it cause?

讨论

无法重启会导致压缩空气系统压力不足（insufficient pressure in the compressed air system），影响主机遥控、气动设备运行；未泄放排气直接重启会因缸内压力过高损坏空压机（damage to the compressor due to excessive cylinder pressure）。报验时需模拟滑油低压、排气高温故障，检查停机、泄放、重启逻辑是否符合设计。

问题 2：分油机手动操作与自动运行的协调性

问题

燃油 / 滑油分油机要求 “自动运行但手动启停”，报验中常出现 “手动停止后仍自动运行” 或 “自动运行时参数（如分离量）偏离设定值” 的问题，如何解决？
Fuel oil/lubricating oil purifiers are required to "operate automatically but start/stop manually". During inspection, problems such as "continuing to run automatically after manual stop" or "deviation of parameters (e.g., separation capacity) from set values during automatic operation" often occur. How to solve them?

讨论

需检查手动控制按钮与自动运行程序的联锁逻辑（interlock logic between manual buttons and automatic programs），确保手动操作优先；参数偏离可能是传感器校准错误（incorrect sensor calibration）或执行机构故障（failure of the actuator），需重新校准传感器并测试执行机构响应。

4. 全船系统控制（Ship’s Systems Control）相关问题

问题 1：压载系统遥控阀的动作一致性

问题

压载系统需通过遥控开启 / 关闭阀门，并在系统中显示阀门状态。报验中若阀门实际状态（如 “开”）与显示状态（如 “关”）不一致，会导致什么风险？如何验证阀门动作与显示的同步性？
The ballast system needs to remotely open/close valves and display the valve status in the system. During inspection, if the actual valve status (e.g., "open") is inconsistent with the displayed status (e.g., "closed"), what risks will it cause? How to verify the synchronization between valve action and display?

讨论

状态不一致可能导致误操作（misoperation），如船员认为阀门已关但实际未关，引发压载水舱溢油或船舶稳性异常（abnormal ship stability）；验证方法为逐一操作遥控阀，通过现场观察和系统显示对比（on-site observation vs. system display），确保动作与状态实时同步。

问题 2：舱底水系统报警的全面性

问题

舱底水系统需包含货舱、机舱污水井高位报警、含油报警等多个报警点，报验中常遗漏 “管弄和应急消防泵舱报警”，为何这一报警不可缺失？The bilge system shall include multiple alarm points such as high-level alarms for cargo hold and engine room bilge wells, and oil-in-bilge water alarms. During inspection, "alarms in pipe tunnel and emergency fire pump room" are often missing. Why is this alarm indispensable?
讨论

管弄和应急消防泵舱漏水可能导致设备淹没（flooding of equipment）、影响消防系统功能，甚至引发船舶进水危险；报验时需模拟这些区域的积水场景，确认报警信号能触发并传输至指定区域。

5. 备件与工具（Spare Parts and Tools）相关问题

问题

技术文件要求备件按船级社和厂商标准供给，且重型备件需固定在辅机附近。报验中若备件规格不符（如用非原厂滤芯）或固定不牢，会有什么影响？
The technical document requires that spare parts be supplied in accordance with classification society and manufacturer standards, and heavy spare parts shall be fixed near auxiliary machines. During inspection, what impact will it have if the spare parts are not up to specification (e.g., using non-original filters) or not securely fixed?
讨论

规格不符可能导致设备磨损加速（accelerated equipment wear）、故障频发；固定不牢在船舶摇晃时可能引发碰撞损坏（collision damage during ship 摇晃），甚至危及人员安全。报验时需核对备件清单与厂商规范，检查重型备件的固定强度（fixing strength）。