一.货物管理类

 

1.Q：你如何制定油化船的货油装载计划？

 

A：首先需研读货物特性手册、船舶配载图及港口规章，明确货物密度、闪点、兼容性等参数；其次计算船舶最大载货量，结合舱容分布确定各舱装载比例，确保满足稳性、吃水差及强度要求；最后制定详细装载顺序（如先装中部舱再装首尾舱），标注关键控制点（如装卸速度、液位监控频次），并预留应急调整空间。

 

Q: How do you formulate a cargo loading plan for an oil chemical tanker?

 

A: First, study the cargo characteristics manual, ship stowage plan and port regulations to clarify parameters such as cargo density, flash point and compatibility; second, calculate the ship's maximum cargo capacity, determine the loading ratio of each tank based on tank capacity distribution, and ensure it meets stability, trim and strength requirements; finally, formulate a detailed loading sequence (e.g., load the middle tanks first, then the fore and aft tanks), mark key control points (e.g., loading/unloading speed, liquid level monitoring frequency), and reserve emergency adjustment space.

 

2.Q：货油密度和温度变化对货量计算有何影响？你会如何修正？

 

A：影响：货油密度随温度升高而降低、温度降低而升高，若按固定密度计算，会导致货量结果偏差（温度偏高时算少、偏低时算多）。修正方法：查阅货油温度 - 密度修正表，获取实际温度对应的标准密度（通常以 15℃或 20℃为基准），再用公式 “修正后货量 = 实际体积 × 标准密度” 重新计算，确保数据准确。

 

Q: How do changes in cargo density and temperature affect cargo quantity calculation? How would you correct it?

 

A Impact: Cargo density decreases as temperature rises and increases as temperature drops. Calculating cargo quantity with a fixed density will lead to deviations (less when temperature is too high, more when temperature is too low). Correction method: Refer to the cargo temperature-density correction table to obtain the standard density corresponding to the actual temperature (usually based on 15℃ or 20℃), then recalculate using the formula "corrected cargo quantity = actual volume × standard density" to ensure data accuracy.

 

3.Q：在装载不同种类的化学货物时，如何确认货物兼容性？

 

A：首先查阅《国际散装化学品规则》（IBC Code）中的货物兼容性表，核对拟装载货物的类别代码；其次检查货物安全技术说明书（MSDS），确认货物间是否存在反应风险（如酸碱反应、氧化还原反应）；最后咨询货主或船舶化学品顾问，若存在不确定项，优先选择分隔装载或不混装，避免发生泄漏、爆炸等事故。

 

Q: When loading different types of chemical cargoes, how do you confirm cargo compatibility? 

A: First, refer to the cargo compatibility table in the International Bulk Chemical Code (IBC Code) to check the category codes of the cargoes to be loaded; second, review the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) to confirm whether there is a reaction risk between the cargoes (e.g., acid-base reaction, redox reaction); finally, consult the cargo owner or ship chemical consultant. If there is uncertainty, prioritize separate loading or no mixed loading to avoid accidents such as leakage and explosion.

 

4.Q：货油舱清洗后，如何检查舱内清洁度是否符合下一票货物的要求？

 

   A：采用 “目视检查 + 取样检测” 结合方式：目视检查舱壁、舱底无残留污渍、锈迹及异味；使用专用取样布擦拭舱内关键部位（如舱角、管线接口），观察取样布无明显污染物；若下一票为高纯度或易污染货物，需抽取舱内残留水或空气样本，送实验室检测污染物含量，确保符合货物装载标准。 

 

Q: After cleaning the cargo tank, how do you check if the tank cleanliness meets the requirements of the next cargo?

 

A: Adopt a combination of "visual inspection + sampling test": visually inspect that the tank walls and bottom have no residual stains, rust and peculiar smell; use a special sampling cloth to wipe key parts inside the tank (e.g., tank corners, pipeline interfaces) and check that there is no obvious pollutant on the sampling cloth; if the next cargo is high-purity or easily contaminated, extract residual water or air samples from the tank and send them to the laboratory for pollutant content testing to ensure compliance with cargo loading standards.

 

5.Q：遇到货油装卸速度异常时，你会从哪些方面排查原因？

 

A：从 “船岸设备 + 操作参数 + 货物特性” 三方面排查：船侧检查货油泵转速、阀门开关状态及管线堵塞情况；岸侧确认码头输油泵压力、流量设定及管线连接密封性；同时核对货物粘度、温度是否超出设备适配范围（如高粘度货物低温时易流速减慢），逐一排除后调整操作参数或维修设备。

 

Q: When encountering abnormal cargo loading/unloading speed, what aspects would you check to find the cause?

 

A: Troubleshoot from three aspects: "ship-shore equipment + operating parameters + cargo characteristics": check the cargo pump speed, valve switch status and pipeline blockage on the ship side; confirm the dock oil transfer pump pressure, flow setting and pipeline connection tightness on the shore side; at the same time, check whether the cargo viscosity and temperature exceed the equipment adaptation range (e.g., high-viscosity cargo is prone to slow flow at low temperatures), adjust operating parameters or repair equipment after eliminating one by one.

 

6.Q：如何制定货油取样方案？取样过程中需注意哪些安全事项？

 

A:取样方案制定：明确取样目的（如品质检测、数量核定）、取样点（舱顶、中部、舱底）、取样频次（如每小时 1 次）及样本数量（至少 3 份，分别用于检测、留存、货主确认）；安全事项：穿戴防静电服、防毒面具等 PPE，使用防爆型取样工具，禁止在雷电天气取样，取样后及时密封样本并记录取样时间、位置，避免样本污染或人员中毒。

 

Q: How do you formulate a cargo sampling plan? What safety precautions should be noted during sampling?

 

A:Sampling plan formulation: clarify the sampling purpose (e.g., quality inspection, quantity verification), sampling points (tank top, middle, bottom), sampling frequency (e.g., once per hour) and sample quantity (at least 3 copies, for testing, retention and cargo owner confirmation respectively); safety precautions: wear PPE such as anti-static clothing and gas masks, use explosion-proof sampling tools, prohibit sampling in thunderstorm weather, seal samples in time after sampling and record sampling time and location to avoid sample contamination or personnel poisoning.

 

7.Q:对易挥发的化学货物，如何控制货舱压力以防止货物泄漏或损耗？

 

A:采用 “惰性气体系统 + 压力监控” 协同控制：通过惰性气体发生器向货舱注入惰性气体（如氮气），使舱内氧气浓度降至 8% 以下，同时维持压力在 0.02-0.05MPa（具体按货物要求调整）；安装压力传感器实时监控舱压，压力过高时开启透气阀泄压，压力过低时补充惰性气体，避免舱内形成负压导致空气进入或正压过大引发泄漏。

 

Q: For volatile chemical cargoes, how do you control the cargo tank pressure to prevent cargo leakage or loss?

 

A:Adopt "inert gas system + pressure monitoring" for coordinated control: inject inert gas (e.g., nitrogen) into the cargo tank through the inert gas generator to reduce the oxygen concentration in the tank to below 8%, while maintaining the pressure at 0.02-0.05MPa (adjusted according to cargo requirements); install pressure sensors to monitor tank pressure in real time, open the vent valve to release pressure when the pressure is too high, and supplement inert gas when the pressure is too low to avoid negative pressure in the tank causing air entry or excessive positive pressure leading to leakage.

 

 

8.Q：货油卸载完毕后，如何确认货舱内残留货物已达到安全标准？

 

A:分 “量化检测 + 目视确认” 两步：使用货舱液位计或超声波检测仪测量残留液高度，确保残留量不超过船舶规定限值（通常≤5cm）；打开舱盖通风后，进入舱内（需做气体检测并有人监护）目视检查舱底无积液、无残留油膜，同时抽取舱内空气样本检测，确认有毒气体浓度低于职业接触限值，必要时进行二次清洗。

 

Q: After completing cargo discharge, how do you confirm that the residual cargo in the tank meets safety standards?

 

A:Take two steps: "quantitative detection + visual confirmation": use a cargo tank level gauge or ultrasonic detector to measure the residual liquid height, ensuring the residual amount does not exceed the ship's specified limit (usually ≤5cm); after opening the tank cover for ventilation, enter the tank (gas detection is required and accompanied by a guardian) to visually inspect that there is no 积液 (accumulated liquid) or residual oil film at the tank bottom, and at the same time extract air samples from the tank for testing to confirm that the toxic gas concentration is below the occupational exposure limit, and conduct secondary cleaning if necessary.

 

9.Q:当货单与实际货物的品名或特性不符时，你会采取什么措施？

 

A:立即启动 “暂停作业 + 核查上报” 流程：首先停止货油装卸作业，防止错误货物装载或卸载；其次核对货单、MSDS 及货物标识，联系货主、代理确认是否存在单据错误或货物错发；若确认货物不符，记录不符项（如品名、特性差异）并拍照取证，向船长及公司机务部门汇报，待收到明确处理指令（如换货、修改单据）后，方可继续作业。

 

Q:When the cargo manifest does not match the name or characteristics of the actual cargo, what measures would you take?

 

A:Immediately start the "suspend operation + verification and reporting" process: first stop the cargo loading/unloading operation to prevent loading or unloading of wrong cargo; second, check the cargo manifest, MSDS and cargo marks, and contact the cargo owner and agent to confirm whether there is a document error or wrong cargo delivery; if the cargo is confirmed to be inconsistent, record the inconsistencies (e.g., differences in name and characteristics) and take photos for evidence, report to the captain and the company's technical department, and only continue the operation after receiving clear processing instructions (e.g., cargo replacement, document modification).

 

10.Q:如何管理货油运输过程中的货物温度记录？

 

A:建立 “实时监控 + 定期记录 + 存档追溯” 体系：在货舱安装温度传感器，连接船舶中央控制系统实时监控温度，设定温度异常报警阈值；每 2 小时人工记录一次温度数据（含传感器显示值、人工测量值），记录需注明时间、记录人；航行结束后，将温度记录单整理归档，与货单、装卸记录一同保存至少 2 年，便于港口国检查或货损纠纷追溯。

 

Q:How do you manage the cargo temperature records during oil chemical cargo transportation?

 

A:Establish a "real-time monitoring + regular recording + archiving and traceability" system: install temperature sensors in the cargo tanks, connect to the ship's central control system to monitor temperature in real time, and set temperature abnormal alarm thresholds; manually record temperature data (including sensor display value and manual measurement value) every 2 hours, and the record must indicate the time and recorder; after the voyage, organize and archive the temperature record sheet, and keep it together with the cargo manifest and loading/unloading records for at least 2 years to facilitate port state control or cargo damage dispute traceability.

1.Q：油化船作业中，个人防护装备（PPE）的正确佩戴要求有哪些？

 

A：根据作业场景确定 PPE 配置并规范佩戴：货油装卸作业需穿戴防静电工作服、防化手套、防冲击安全鞋及安全帽；接触有毒货物时加戴防毒面具（按毒气类型选择过滤盒）；进入封闭舱室需佩戴正压式空气呼吸器；佩戴前检查 PPE 完整性（如手套无破损、呼吸器压力充足），佩戴后确认贴合性（如口罩密封性测试），作业结束后按规定消毒、存放 PPE。

 

Q: What are the requirements for correct wearing of personal protective equipment (PPE) during oil chemical tanker operations?

 

A: Determine PPE configuration according to the operation scenario and wear it standardizedly: wear anti-static work clothes, chemical-resistant gloves, impact-resistant safety shoes and safety helmet for cargo loading/unloading operations; add a gas mask (select filter cartridge according to gas type) when contacting toxic cargo; wear a positive pressure air respirator when entering enclosed cabins; check the integrity of PPE before wearing (e.g., no damage to gloves, sufficient pressure of respirator), confirm fit after wearing (e.g., mask tightness test), and disinfect and store PPE according to regulations after operation.

 

2.Q：如何预防货油装卸过程中产生静电？静电防护的关键措施是什么？

 

  A：预防措施：控制装卸速度（如油类货物流速≤4m/s），避免货物高速冲击产生静电；使用防静电软管，确保软管与船舶接地装置可靠连接（接地电阻≤10Ω）；作业人员穿防静电鞋，禁止携带火种或非防爆设备进入作业区。关键措施：一是 “可靠接地”，船舶、码头设备、货油泵均需单独接地并定期检测接地电阻；二是 “静电消除”，作业前对货舱进行惰性气体置换，作业中使用静电消除器消除舱内积聚电荷。

 

Q: How to prevent static electricity during cargo loading/unloading? What are the key measures for static electricity protection?

 

A: Prevention measures: control the loading/unloading speed (e.g., oil cargo flow rate ≤4m/s) to avoid static electricity generated by high-speed cargo impact; use anti-static hoses and ensure reliable connection between hoses and ship grounding devices (grounding resistance ≤10Ω); operators wear anti-static shoes and are prohibited from carrying kindling or non-explosion-proof equipment into the operation area. Key measures: first, "reliable grounding" - ships, dock equipment and cargo pumps must be grounded separately and grounding resistance tested regularly; second, "static elimination" - replace the cargo tank with inert gas before operation, and use static eliminators to eliminate accumulated charges in the tank during operation.

 

3.Q：进入封闭货油舱作业前，需完成哪些安全检测和准备工作？

 

A：严格执行 “气体检测 + 许可审批 + 应急准备” 流程：气体检测：用便携式气体检测仪检测舱内氧气浓度（19.5%-23.5% 为合格）、有毒气体浓度（低于职业接触限值）及可燃气体浓度（低于爆炸下限 10%），检测点覆盖舱内上、中、下三个区域；许可审批：填写《进入封闭空间作业许可证》，经船长、大副签字批准；应急准备：配备 2 名外部监护人员，准备正压式呼吸器、救生绳、急救箱等应急设备，明确紧急撤离信号及路线。

 

Q: Before entering a closed cargo tank for work, what safety tests and preparation work need to be completed?

 

A: Strictly implement the "gas detection + permit approval + emergency preparation" process: gas detection: use a portable gas detector to detect the oxygen concentration (19.5%-23.5% is qualified), toxic gas concentration (below occupational exposure limit) and flammable gas concentration (below 10% of lower explosive limit) in the tank, with detection points covering the upper, middle and lower areas of the tank; permit approval: fill in the "Permit for Entering Confined Space", signed and approved by the captain and chief officer; emergency preparation: assign 2 external guardians, prepare emergency equipment such as positive pressure respirators, life ropes and first aid kits, and clarify emergency evacuation signals and routes.

 

4.Q：油化船禁止明火作业的区域有哪些？特殊情况下申请明火作业需满足什么条件？

 

 A：禁止区域：货油舱、货油泵舱、 cargo 管线周围 30 米内、惰性气体发生器房、油漆间及其他存放易燃易爆物质的舱室。特殊申请条件：作业前对作业区域进行气体检测（可燃气体浓度≤爆炸下限 1%），并持续通风；清理作业区域内易燃易爆物品，铺设防火毯；配备足够数量的灭火器材（如干粉灭火器、二氧化碳灭火器）及监护人员；填写《明火作业许可证》，经船长、港口海事部门批准后，在非货物作业时段实施，作业后检查无火灾隐患方可离开。

 

Q: What are the no-open-flame operation areas on an oil chemical tanker? What conditions must be met to apply for open-flame operations under special circumstances?

 

A: No-open-flame areas: cargo tanks, cargo pump rooms, within 30 meters around cargo pipelines, inert gas generator rooms, paint rooms and other cabins storing flammable and explosive substances. Special application conditions: conduct gas detection in the operation area before operation (flammable gas concentration ≤1% of lower explosive limit) and maintain ventilation continuously; clean up flammable and explosive materials in the operation area and lay fire blankets; equip with sufficient fire-fighting equipment (e.g., dry powder fire extinguishers, carbon dioxide fire extinguishers) and guardians; fill in the "Open Flame Operation Permit", approved by the captain and port maritime department, implement during non-cargo operation hours, and check no fire hazards before leaving after operation.

 

5.Q：如何检查货油软管或管线的密封性，防止货物泄漏？

 

A：采用 “外观检查 + 压力测试” 结合方式：外观检查：查看软管或管线有无裂纹、老化、接口松动，法兰垫片是否完好；压力测试：对软管或管线进行水压或气压测试（测试压力为工作压力的 1.2-1.5 倍），保压 10-15 分钟，观察压力是否下降，同时用肥皂水涂抹接口、焊缝处，检查有无气泡产生；作业前再次检查连接部位紧固情况，作业中实时监控压力变化，发现压力异常立即停止作业排查。

 

Q: How to check the tightness of cargo hoses or pipelines to prevent cargo leakage?

 

A: Adopt a combination of "visual inspection + pressure test": visual inspection: check whether the hose or pipeline has cracks, aging, loose interfaces, and whether the flange gasket is intact; pressure test: conduct water pressure or air pressure test on the hose or pipeline (test pressure is 1.2-1.5 times the working pressure), maintain pressure for 10-15 minutes, observe whether the pressure drops, and at the same time apply soapy water to interfaces and welds to check for bubbles; recheck the tightness of connection parts before operation, monitor pressure changes in real time during operation, and immediately stop operation to troubleshoot if pressure is abnormal.

 

6.Q：作业中发现船员接触到有毒化学货物时，你会如何组织急救？

 

A：遵循 “立即脱离 + 分类处置 + 专业救治” 原则：首先将受伤船员转移至上风、通风处，脱去被污染衣物，用大量清水冲洗接触部位（皮肤冲洗≥15 分钟，眼睛冲洗≥20 分钟）；若船员出现头晕、呕吐等中毒症状，让其平卧、保持呼吸道通畅，给予吸氧（如有条件）；同时联系船舶医疗室或岸上医院，告知货物种类、接触情况及症状，携带对应的 MSDS 供医生参考，必要时安排紧急撤离送医，事后记录急救过程并存档。

 

Q: If a crew member is exposed to toxic chemical cargo during operations, how would you organize first aid?

 

A: Follow the principle of "immediate separation + classified disposal + professional treatment": first transfer the injured crew member to an upwind and ventilated place, remove contaminated clothing, and rinse the contact area with a large amount of water (skin rinse ≥15 minutes, eye rinse ≥20 minutes); if the crew member has poisoning symptoms such as dizziness and vomiting, let him lie flat, keep the airway open, and give oxygen (if available); at the same time, contact the ship's medical room or shore hospital, inform the cargo type, exposure situation and symptoms, and carry the corresponding MSDS for the doctor's reference, arrange emergency evacuation to the hospital if necessary, and record and archive the first aid process afterwards.

 

7.Q：惰性气体系统在油化船安全作业中的作用是什么？如何确保其正常运行？

 

A：作用：一是降低货舱内氧气浓度（通常≤8%），防止货油蒸汽与空气形成爆炸性混合物；二是维持货舱正压，阻止空气进入舱内，减少货物氧化或污染；三是抑制货油挥发，降低货物损耗。确保正常运行：每日检查惰性气体发生器燃油、冷却水供应情况；定期（每周）检测系统压力、氧气含量传感器精度；每月进行系统试运行，检查风机、阀门动作是否正常；发现故障立即停机维修，禁止在 IGS 故障时进行货油装卸作业。

 

Q: What is the role of the inert gas system (IGS) in the safe operation of an oil chemical tanker? How to ensure its normal operation?

 

A: Role: First, reduce the oxygen concentration in the cargo tank (usually ≤8%) to prevent the formation of an explosive mixture between cargo vapor and air; second, maintain positive pressure in the cargo tank to prevent air from entering the tank and reduce cargo oxidation or contamination; third, inhibit cargo volatilization and reduce cargo loss. Ensure normal operation: check the fuel and cooling water supply of the inert gas generator daily; test the system pressure and oxygen content sensor accuracy regularly (weekly); conduct system test operation monthly to check whether the fan and valve actions are normal; stop the machine for maintenance immediately if a fault is found, and prohibit cargo loading/unloading operations when the IGS is faulty.

 

 

8.Q：如何制定油化船的热工作业安全许可流程？

 

A：流程需涵盖 “申请 - 评估 - 审批 - 实施 - 收尾” 全环节：申请：作业人员填写《热工作业申请表》，说明作业内容、地点、时间及所需设备；评估：大副组织轮机长、安全员对作业区域进行风险评估（如可燃气体、相邻舱室货物特性）；审批：船长根据评估结果决定是否批准，批准后发放《热工作业许可证》；实施：作业前清理现场、配备监护及灭火设备，作业中严格按许可要求操作；收尾：作业结束后检查现场，确认无火灾隐患，注销许可证并归档。

 

Q: How to formulate the hot work safety permit process for an oil chemical tanker?

 

A: The process must cover the entire cycle of "application - assessment - approval - implementation - completion": application: the operator fills in the "Hot Work Application Form", specifying the operation content, location, time and required equipment; assessment: the chief officer organizes the chief engineer and safety officer to conduct a risk assessment of the operation area (e.g., flammable gas, adjacent cabin cargo characteristics); approval: the captain decides whether to approve based on the assessment results, and issues the "Hot Work Permit" after approval; implementation: clean the site, equip with guardians and fire-fighting equipment before operation, and operate strictly in accordance with the permit requirements during operation; completion: check the site after operation, confirm no fire hazards, cancel the permit and archive it.

 

9.Q：货物蒸汽探测仪的使用方法是什么？如何判断探测结果的有效性？

 

A：使用方法：开机后预热 5-10 分钟，按校准键用标准气体校准仪器；将探测探头伸入检测区域（如货舱口、管线接口），保持探头与被测气体接触 30 秒以上，读取显示数值；检测时需在同一位置多次取样，避免单点误差。有效性判断：一是仪器在有效期内校准（校准记录≤6 个月）；二是检测时环境温度、湿度符合仪器使用要求（通常 0-40℃，湿度≤90%）；三是多次检测结果偏差≤5%，且数值在仪器量程范围内，若超出量程需更换高量程仪器重新检测。

 

Q: What is the usage method of a cargo vapor detector? How to judge the validity of the detection result?

 

A: Usage method: preheat for 5-10 minutes after starting up, press the calibration key to calibrate the instrument with standard gas; extend the detection probe into the detection area (e.g., cargo hatch, pipeline interface), keep the probe in contact with the measured gas for more than 30 seconds, and read the displayed value; take multiple samples at the same position during detection to avoid single-point error. Validity judgment: first, the instrument is calibrated within the validity period (calibration record ≤6 months); second, the ambient temperature and humidity during detection meet the instrument usage requirements (usually 0-40℃, humidity ≤90%); third, the deviation of multiple detection results is ≤5%, and the value is within the instrument range; if it exceeds the range, replace the high-range instrument for re-detection.

 

10.Q：在码头系泊状态下进行货油作业，如何协调船舶与码头的安全操作衔接？

 

A：建立 “会前沟通 + 术中联动 + 应急协同” 机制：作业前召开船岸安全会议，明确装卸计划、压力 / 流量参数、应急联络方式及信号（如停泵信号）；作业中指定专人（大副 / 码头监督员）每小时沟通一次作业进度，船舶与码头共享压力、液位数据，一方出现异常立即通知对方停泵；应急时按预设方案联动（如泄漏时船舶关闭货舱阀门，码头关闭输油泵），事后共同复盘总结，优化衔接流程。

 

Q: When conducting cargo operations in the moored state at the dock, how to coordinate the safety operation connection between the ship and the dock?

 

A: Establish a mechanism of "pre-meeting communication + in-operation linkage + emergency coordination": hold a ship-shore safety meeting before operation to clarify the loading/unloading plan, pressure/flow parameters, emergency contact methods and signals (e.g., pump stop signal); assign a dedicated person (chief officer/dock supervisor) to communicate the operation progress once per hour during operation, the ship and dock share pressure and liquid level data, and one party immediately notifies the other to stop the pump if an abnormality occurs; link according to the preset plan during emergency (e.g., the ship closes the cargo tank valve and the dock closes the oil transfer pump in case of leakage), and jointly review and summarize after the incident to optimize the connection process.

 

二.设备维护类

 

11.Q：货油泵的日常检查项目有哪些？发现异常如何处理？

 

A：日常检查项目：检查泵体有无泄漏、异响、振动（振动值≤6.3mm/s）；查看润滑油油位（在油标 1/2-2/3 处）及油质（无乳化、变黑）；检查电机电流、温度（≤75℃）及轴承温度（≤80℃）；确认进出口阀门开关灵活。异常处理：若发现泄漏，立即停泵，更换密封件；若有异响或振动超标，检查叶轮是否磨损或异物堵塞，维修后试运行；若电机温度过高，停机冷却，检查电路或电机绕组，故障排除前禁止使用。

 

Q: What are the daily inspection items for cargo pumps? How to handle abnormalities when found?

 

A: Daily inspection items: check for leakage, abnormal noise and vibration of the pump body (vibration value ≤6.3mm/s); check the lubricating oil level (at 1/2-2/3 of the oil level gauge) and oil quality (no emulsification or blackening); check the motor current, temperature (≤75℃) and bearing temperature (≤80℃); confirm that the inlet and outlet valves open and close flexibly. Abnormality handling: if leakage is found, stop the pump immediately and replace the seal; if there is abnormal noise or excessive vibration, check whether the impeller is worn or blocked by foreign objects, and test run after maintenance; if the motor temperature is too high, stop the machine for cooling, check the circuit or motor winding, and prohibit use before troubleshooting.

 

12.Q：惰性气体发生器的维护周期是多久？维护重点是什么？

 

A：维护周期：日常维护（每日）、定期维护（每月）、年度检修（每年）。维护重点：日常清理燃烧器积碳，检查燃油喷嘴有无堵塞；每月检查空气过滤器、冷却器芯体，清理灰尘或污垢；年度检修时拆解检查换热器、安全阀，校准氧气分析仪，测试自动控制回路（如温度、压力控制），确保设备在额定负荷下稳定运行，生成惰性气体纯度达标（氧气≤5%）。

 

Q: What is the maintenance cycle of the inert gas generator? What are the maintenance priorities?

 

A: Maintenance cycle: daily maintenance (daily), regular maintenance (monthly), annual overhaul (annually). Maintenance priorities: clean the burner carbon deposit daily and check for blockage of the fuel nozzle; check the air filter and cooler core monthly, and clean dust or dirt; disassemble and check the heat exchanger and safety valve during annual overhaul, calibrate the oxygen analyzer, test the automatic control loop (e.g., temperature and pressure control), and ensure the equipment operates stably under rated load and the generated inert gas purity meets the standard (oxygen ≤5%).

 

13.Q：货油舱液位计出现故障时，如何采用替代方法确认液位？

 

A：采用 “人工测量 + 间接计算” 两种替代方法：人工测量：使用量油尺（需经校准）从量油孔放入舱内，待尺锤触底后取出，读取油迹高度，多次测量取平均值（误差≤1cm）；间接计算：根据已装卸货量、初始液位数据，结合舱容表计算理论液位，同时检查相邻舱室液位是否异常（排除串油可能），两种方法结果对比，偏差较小时以人工测量值为准，偏差大时排查是否存在舱内结构异常。

 

Q: When the cargo tank level gauge fails, how to use alternative methods to confirm the liquid level?

 

A: Adopt two alternative methods: "manual measurement + indirect calculation": manual measurement: use a calibrated oil measuring tape to lower it into the tank from the oil measuring hole, take it out after the weight touches the bottom, read the oil trace height, and take the average of multiple measurements (error ≤1cm); indirect calculation: calculate the theoretical liquid level according to the loaded/unloaded cargo quantity, initial liquid level data and tank capacity table, and check whether the liquid level of adjacent tanks is abnormal (to rule out the possibility of oil cross-flow), compare the results of the two methods, take the manual measurement value when the deviation is small, and troubleshoot for abnormal tank internal structure when the deviation is large.

 

14.Q：如何检查和维护货油管线的阀门，确保其开关灵活且密封良好？

 

A：检查：每周手动操作阀门开关一次，观察是否有卡滞；每月检查阀杆密封处有无泄漏，用肥皂水涂抹接口测试；每季度拆解阀门填料函，检查填料是否老化、磨损。维护：卡滞时加注专用润滑脂（按阀门材质选择）；密封泄漏时更换填料或密封圈；阀门关闭不严时研磨阀座与阀芯，确保接触面贴合；长期不用的阀门每月活动一次，防止锈死，维护后记录阀门状态及维护时间。

 

Q: How to inspect and maintain the valves of cargo pipelines to ensure they open/close flexibly and seal well?

 

A: Inspection: manually operate the valve to open and close once a week to check for jamming; check for leakage at the valve stem seal monthly and test by applying soapy water to the interface; disassemble the valve stuffing box quarterly to check for aging and wear of the packing. Maintenance: add special grease (selected according to valve material) when jammed; replace packing or sealing ring when seal leaks; grind the valve seat and valve core when the valve does not close tightly to ensure the contact surface fits; move the valves that are not used for a long time once a month to prevent rusting, and record the valve status and maintenance time after maintenance.

 

 

15.Q：压载水系统与货油系统存在交叉污染风险时，如何进行设备隔离？

 

A：采取 “物理隔离 + 操作管控” 双重措施：物理隔离：在压载水与货油系统连接的阀门处安装盲板（盲板需有标识，注明隔离日期、责任人），或关闭双重阀门（如截止阀 + 闸阀），确保无流体互通；操作管控：在隔离阀门处悬挂 “禁止操作” 警示牌，将隔离情况记录在《设备隔离记录本》中；作业前确认隔离状态，作业后如需解除隔离，需经大副批准，并检测系统内水质或油质，确认无污染后再恢复连接。

 

Q: When there is a cross-contamination risk between the ballast water system and the cargo system, how to isolate the equipment?

 

A: Adopt dual measures of "physical isolation + operation control": physical isolation: install a blind flange at the valve connecting the ballast water and cargo systems (the blind flange must be marked with isolation date and responsible person), or close dual valves (e.g., globe valve + gate valve) to ensure no fluid communication; operation control: hang a "No Operation" warning sign at the isolation valve, and record the isolation status in the "Equipment Isolation Record"; confirm the isolation status before operation, and if isolation needs to be lifted after operation, it must be approved by the chief officer, and test the water quality or oil quality in the system to confirm no pollution before restoring the connection.

 

16.Q：货油温度控制系统的传感器故障会导致什么问题？如何排查？

 

A：故障导致问题：一是温度监测失准，无法及时发现货物超温或低温，可能引发货物变质（如易凝固货物结块）、设备损坏（如加热管干烧）；二是自动控制失效，导致加热或冷却系统异常启停，增加能耗或引发安全风险。排查方法：第一步检查传感器接线端子是否松动、氧化，重新紧固或清洁；第二步用标准温度计在同一测点对比，判断传感器精度是否超标（误差＞±1℃需更换）；第三步检查传感器信号线路是否破损，用万用表测量信号传输是否正常，若线路故障需修复或更换线缆。

 

Q: What problems can a fault in the sensor of the cargo temperature control system cause? How to troubleshoot?

 

A: Problems caused by faults: First, inaccurate temperature monitoring, failing to detect cargo overheating or low temperature in time, which may lead to cargo deterioration (e.g., caking of easy-solidification cargo) and equipment damage (e.g., dry burning of heating tubes); second, automatic control failure, causing abnormal start-stop of heating or cooling systems, increasing energy consumption or triggering safety risks. Troubleshooting methods: Step 1 check if the sensor terminal is loose or oxidized, re-tighten or clean it; Step 2 use a standard thermometer to compare at the same measuring point to judge if the sensor accuracy exceeds the standard (replace if error ＞±1℃); Step 3 check if the sensor signal line is damaged, use a multimeter to test if signal transmission is normal, and repair or replace the cable if there is a line fault.

 

17.Q：消防泵在油化船中的特殊要求是什么？如何进行定期测试？

 

A：特殊要求：一是材质需耐化学腐蚀（如采用不锈钢或耐腐蚀合金），防止被货油或化学货物污染后失效；二是具备防爆性能（电机为防爆型），适应货油蒸汽环境；三是流量和压力需满足消防需求，单台泵流量≥25m³/h，出口压力≥0.8MPa。定期测试：每周进行 1 次空载运行，检查电机运转有无异响、轴承温度是否正常（≤80℃）；每月进行 1 次带压测试，关闭部分出水阀使压力达到额定值，保持 10 分钟，检查泵体及管路有无泄漏；每季度联动消防系统测试，启动消防泵向甲板消防栓供水，验证水流射程（≥15 米）及消防栓开关灵活性。

 

Q: What are the special requirements for fire pumps on oil chemical tankers? How to conduct regular tests?

 

A: Special requirements: First, the material must be chemical corrosion-resistant (e.g., stainless steel or corrosion-resistant alloy) to prevent failure after contamination by cargo oil or chemical cargo; second, it must have explosion-proof performance (explosion-proof motor) to adapt to the cargo vapor environment; third, the flow and pressure must meet fire-fighting needs, with a single pump flow ≥25m³/h and outlet pressure ≥0.8MPa. Regular tests: Conduct no-load operation once a week to check if the motor runs with abnormal noise and if the bearing temperature is normal (≤80℃); conduct pressure test once a month, close some outlet valves to make the pressure reach the rated value, keep it for 10 minutes, and check for leakage in the pump body and pipeline; conduct linkage fire-fighting system test once a quarter, start the fire pump to supply water to the deck fire hydrant, and verify the water jet range (≥15 meters) and the flexibility of the fire hydrant switch.

 

18.Q：透气阀的作用是什么？如何防止其堵塞或卡滞？

 

A：作用：一是调节货舱压力，当舱内压力超限时自动开启泄压，防止舱体变形或破裂；二是防止舱内形成负压，避免空气进入导致货物氧化或舱壁被吸瘪；三是过滤杂质，阻止外界灰尘、海水进入舱内污染货物。防堵塞 / 卡滞措施：每周拆解透气阀滤网，用清水冲洗去除杂质（若接触过粘性货物需用专用溶剂清洗）；每月在阀杆和密封面涂抹耐高温、耐化学腐蚀的润滑脂（如硅基润滑脂）；每季度手动操作透气阀开关 3-5 次，检查阀盘动作是否顺畅，若有卡滞需研磨阀座或更换密封件。

 

Q: What is the function of the vent valve? How to prevent it from clogging or jamming?

 

A: Function: First, regulate the cargo tank pressure, automatically open to release pressure when the tank pressure exceeds the limit to prevent tank deformation or rupture; second, prevent negative pressure in the tank, avoid air entry leading to cargo oxidation or tank wall collapse; third, filter impurities, prevent external dust and seawater from entering the tank to contaminate the cargo. Anti-clogging/jamming measures: Dismantle the vent valve filter once a week, rinse with clean water to remove impurities (use a special solvent if it has been in contact with viscous cargo); apply high-temperature and chemical-resistant grease (e.g., silicone-based grease) to the valve stem and sealing surface once a month; manually operate the vent valve to open and close 3-5 times a quarter, check if the valve disc moves smoothly, and grind the valve seat or replace the seal if there is jamming.

 

19.Q：货油取样设备的维护要点有哪些？

 

A：维护要点：一是清洁，每次取样后用清水冲洗取样瓶、取样管，若取样有毒或粘性货物，需用兼容溶剂（如乙醇、煤油）清洗，晾干后存放；二是校准，每 3 个月用标准容量瓶校准取样管的取样量，误差＞5% 需更换或调整；三是部件检查，每周检查取样管接头密封性（更换老化密封圈）、取样阀开关灵活性（加注润滑脂）；四是存放，将设备存放在干燥、通风的专用柜内，避免阳光直射或接触腐蚀性气体，取样瓶需贴标识区分不同货物专用。

 

Q: What are the key maintenance points for cargo sampling equipment?

 

A: Key maintenance points: First, cleaning - rinse the sampling bottle and sampling tube with clean water after each sampling; if sampling toxic or viscous cargo, clean with a compatible solvent (e.g., ethanol, kerosene) and store after drying; second, calibration - calibrate the sampling volume of the sampling tube with a standard volumetric flask every 3 months, replace or adjust if the error ＞5%; third, part inspection - check the tightness of the sampling tube joint (replace aging sealing rings) and the flexibility of the sampling valve switch (add grease) every week; fourth, storage - store the equipment in a dedicated dry and ventilated cabinet, avoid direct sunlight or contact with corrosive gases, and mark the sampling bottles to distinguish those for different cargoes.

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