Types of Bulk Cargoes

散货类型

The cargoes carried by maritime transportation comes into several categories, each requiring the usage of specialized ships. The two main categories are general and bulk cargo. General cargo is unitized ( carried in defined load units) while bulk cargo is loose (carried in any quantity).

Bulk cargo can be divided into two categories:

海运货物分为几类，每一类都需要使用专门的船舶。两个主要类别是一般货物和散装货物。一般货物是成组的（以规定的装载单位运载），而散装货物是松散的（以任何数量运载）。

散货可分为两大类：

• Dry Bulk (Solid Bulk): A dry bulk cargo is a raw material that is shipped in large unpackaged parcels. Dry bulk consists of mostly unprocessed materials that are destined to be used in the global manufacturing and production process. The commodities, which can include grain, metal, and energy materials, are transported long distances in bulk by sea in large cargo vessels by companies that specialize in dry bulk delivery.

·干散货（固体散装）：干散货是一种原材料，以大型无包装包裹运输。干散货主要由用于全球制造和生产过程的未加工材料组成。这些商品包括谷物、金属和能源材料，由专门从事干散货运输的公司用大型货船通过海上进行长途散装运输。

• Liquid bulk: Liquid bulk cargo is carried unpackaged in any quantity and usually transported by ships that are commonly referred to as tankers which are built specially to make the loading and unloading process become easy. Liquid bulk cargo is generally classified into edible, non-edible, hazardous and non-hazardous liquids.

·液体散装：散装液体货物在任何数量的情况下都是无包装的，通常由通常被称为油轮的船舶运输，这些船舶是专门建造的，使装卸过程变得容易。液体散装货物一般分为食用、非食用、危险和非危险液体。

Hazardous liquids including petroleum,LPG(liquefied petroleum gas),LNG(liquefied natural gas) and chemicals. There are different types of hazardous cargoes, that is fire hazard (determined by boiling point, flash point, and auto-ignition temperature of liquids), marine pollution hazard (liquids would likely cause damage to the marine environment which is usually determined by bioaccumulation, risk to human health, and reduction of amenities) , and air pollution hazard (based on emergency exposure limit of the liquids)

危险液体包括石油，液化石油气，液化天然气和化学品。危险品有不同的种类，即火灾危险性（按沸点、闪点、液体自燃温度）、海洋污染危害（液体可能对海洋环境造成损害，这通常取决于生物累积、对人类健康的风险和舒适性的降低）和自动污染危害（根据液体的紧急接触限值）

Non-hazardous liquids, including vegetable oils, cooking oils, milk, juices, and other liquids that do not possess a potential risk to organism and environment.

无害液体，包括植物油、食用油、牛奶、果汁和其他对生物体和环境没有潜在危险的液体。

Edible liquids or food products. Type of liquids that can be eaten safely by humans. Most of them are non-hazardous, such as wine, edible oil, juices, etc.

食用液体或食品。可以被人类安全食用的液体类型。大部分都是非危险品，如酒、食用油、果汁等。

Non-edible liquids, contrary to edible liquids. Some of them are non-hazardous (glycerin, aqueous dyes, etc. ) and others are hazardous (LPG, LING, etc. )

非食用液体，与可食用液体相反。其中有些是无害的(甘油、水性染料等)，有些是有害的(液化石油气、液化石油气等)。

Liquid bulk ‘ s loading process tends to be more complicated than other types of cargoes.When loading crude oil cargo, it is crucial to check the presence of water. If It is found, the note of protest should be made. During the loading, shipping, and unloading process, daily checks regarding the tank ullages, temperatures, and inert gas pressures should be carried out and carefully recorded. If the liquid bulk cargoes are hazardous, temporary warning in the English language is displayed at a certain place where the passersby can easily notice it.

The IMSBC Code categorises solid bulk cargoes into three groups:

液体散货的装载过程往往比其他类型的货物更为复杂。当装载原油货物时，检查水的存在是至关重要的。如发现，应制作抗议照会。在装货、装运和卸货过程中，应每天检查储罐容积、温度和惰性气体压力，并仔细记录。如果液体散装货物有危险，在行人容易注意到的地方，用英文临时标示警告。IMSBC规则将固体散货分为三类:

1.Cargoes which may liquefy (Group A)

1.可能液化的货物（A类）

Cargoes which may liquefy means cargoes which are subject to moisture migration and subsequent liquefaction if shipped with moisture content in excess of the transportable moisture limit.

可能液化的货物是指如果装运的水分含量超过可运输的水分限制，则会发生水分迁移和随后液化的货物。

Cargoes may appear to be in a relatively dry granular state when loaded, and yet may contain sufficient moisture to become fluid under the stimulus of compaction and the vibration which occurs during a voyage.

货物在装载时可能看起来是相对干燥的颗粒状状态，但在航行中发生的压实和振动的刺激下，可能含有足够的水分而变成流体。

Liquefaction means that a cargo becomes fluid (liquefies) . On ships, this happens when the cargo is compacted by the ship's motion. Cargoes which are prone to liquefaction contain a certain quantity or moisture and small particles, although they may look relatively dry and granular when loaded. Liquefaction can lead to cargo shift and even to the capsize and total loss of the ship, and can occur even when cargoes are cohesive and trimmed level.

液化是指货物变成液体(液化)。在船上，当货物被船的运动压实时，就会发生这种情况。容易液化的货物含有一定量的水分和小颗粒，尽管它们在装载时看起来相对干燥和颗粒状。液化可能导致货物移位，甚至倾覆和船舶的全部损失，甚至可能发生在货物粘合和调整水平的情况下。

Mineral concentrates ( such as copper concentrate, iron concentrate, lead concentrate, and zinc concentrate and nickel ores are very common Group A cargoes.

矿物精矿(如铜精矿、铁精矿、铅精矿和锌精矿)和镍矿石是非常常见的A类货物。

2.Materials possessing chemical hazard ( Group B)

2.有化学危害的物料(B类)

Solid bulk cargoes which may possess a chemical hazard during transport, because of them chemical nature or properties. Some of these materials are classified as dangerous goods Code and others are Materials Hazardous only in Bulk ( MHB).

由于其化学性质或特性，在运输过程中可能具有化学危害的固体散装货物。其中一些材料被归类为危险品，而其他材料则被归类为仅散装危险材料(MHB)。

MHB cargoes are materials which possess chemical hazards when transported in bulk that do not meet the criteria for inclusion in the IMDG classes above. They present significant risks when carried in bulk and require special precautions.

MHB货物是指在散装运输时具有化学危险的材料，不符合列入上述国际危规类的标准。它们在散装运输时存在重大风险，需要特别预防。

Some common Group B cargoes are coal, direct reduced iron (DRI) , metal, sulphide concentrates, ammonium nitrate-based fertilisers, wood products transported in bulk and so on.

常见的B类货物有煤、直接还原铁、金属硫化物精矿、硝酸铵基肥料、散装运输的木制品等。

3.Cargoes which neither liable to liquefy nor to possess chemical hazards ( Group C)

3.既不容易着火也不具化学危害的货物(C类)

Normal bulk cargoes, may possess certain hazards as well, but less dangerous than group A and group B. Although Group C cargoes do not present the dangers associated with Group A and B cargoes, they can still carry risks.

普通散货，也有一定的危险，但比A类和B类的危险小。尽管C类货物不存在与A类和B类货物相关的危险，但它们仍然存在风险。

Most of the bulk cargoes are Group cargoes such as iron ore, sand, cement and other high density cargoes.

大部分散货是C类货物，如铁矿石、沙子、水泥等高密度货物。