最近收到不少老铁私信，希望能聊聊油船大副的面试要点。作为船舶货运的核心岗位，油船大副的工作涉及公约法规、货物操作、安全应急等多方面，面试考察也更注重实操经验与专业细节。考虑到大家常常对国际公约应用、货油操作规范、应急流程等内容感到棘手，今天就结合行业常见考点，从证书法规、货物管理、设备操作三个维度整理实用干货，既有基础概念解析，也有实操场景应对技巧，希望能帮正在准备面试的你理清思路，顺利通关。

油船大副面试问题及参考答案（精华篇上）

一、证书、法规与公约（Certificates, Regulations & Conventions）

1. 问：作为油船大副你必须熟悉哪些关键的国际公约？

答：SOLAS（国际海上人命安全公约）、MARPOL（国际防止船舶造成污染公约，特别是附则I）、STCW（海员培训发证和值班标准公约）以及ISPS（国际船舶和港口设施保安规则）。对于油船OCIMF（石油公司国际海事论坛）的系列指南如《ISGOTT》（国际油轮和码头安全指南）也至关重要。

Q: As a chief officer on an oil tanker, which key international conventions must you be familiar with?

A: SOLAS (International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea), MARPOL (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, especially Annex I), STCW (International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers) and ISPS (International Ship and Port Facility Security Code). For oil tankers, the series of guidelines from OCIMF (Oil Companies International Marine Forum) such as "ISGOTT" (International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals) are also crucial.

2. 问：MARPOL附则I对油船的特殊要求是什么？

答：它主要规定了油船的防污染要求包括特殊区域的定义、排放标准（如排油监控系统、油类记录簿的填写）、SBT（专用压载舱）、CBT（清洁压载舱）、PL（原油洗舱）和COW（原油洗舱）的要求以及IOPP证书（国际防止油污证书）的检验。

Q: What are the special requirements of MARPOL Annex I for oil tankers?

A: It mainly stipulates the pollution prevention requirements for oil tankers, including the definition of special areas, discharge standards (such as oil discharge monitoring systems, filling of oil record books), requirements for SBT (Segregated Ballast Tanks), CBT (Clean Ballast Tanks), PL (Crude Oil Washing) and COW (Crude Oil Washing), as well as the inspection of IOPP certificates (International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificates).

3. 问：IOPP证书上有哪些关键信息需要大副特别关注？

答：需要关注证书的有效期、下次检验日期、船舶的吨位、舱容信息以及附录中关于SBT、CBT、COW、ODME（排油监控系统）等设备的详细记录和限制条件。

Q: What key information on the IOPP certificate requires special attention from the chief officer?

A: Attention should be paid to the validity period of the certificate, the next inspection date, the ship's tonnage, tank capacity information, as well as the detailed records and restrictions of equipment such as SBT, CBT, COW and ODME (Oil Discharge Monitoring Equipment) in the appendix.

4. 问：《油类记录簿》（Oil Record Book, ORB）第一部分应记录哪些操作？

答：应准确记录所有与货油/燃油相关的操作包括货油的装载、转移、卸载；货油舱的压载和清洗；污压载水的排放；油渣的处理；意外或异常排油等。每条记录都需由操作负责人（大副）和船长签字。

Q: What operations should be recorded in Part I of the Oil Record Book (ORB)?

A: All operations related to cargo oil/fuel oil should be accurately recorded, including loading, transfer and unloading of cargo oil; ballasting and cleaning of cargo oil tanks; discharge of dirty ballast water; disposal of oil residues; accidental or abnormal oil discharge, etc. Each record must be signed by the person in charge of the operation (chief officer) and the captain.

5. 问：在什么情况下可以向海中排放油船机舱处所的舱底水（MARPOL附则I）？

答：船舶正在航行；油份浓度不超过15ppm；船上运行的油水分离设备和15ppm报警装置工作正常；排放记录在《油类记录簿》第二部分。

Q: Under what circumstances can bilge water from the engine room of an oil tanker be discharged into the sea (MARPOL Annex I)?

A: The ship is underway; the oil content concentration does not exceed 15ppm; the oil-water separation equipment and 15ppm alarm device on board are working normally; the discharge is recorded in Part II of the Oil Record Book.

6. 问：什么是SOPEP和SMPEP？大副在其中扮演什么角色？

答：SOPEP（船上油污应急计划）是针对操作性或事故性排油的应急计划。SMPEP（船舶海洋污染应急计划）是更全面的计划包括有毒液体物质等。大副通常是应急反应小组的关键成员负责现场指挥、操作堵漏、控制货油/燃油系统等。

Q: What are SOPEP and SMPEP? What role does the chief officer play in them?

A: SOPEP (Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan) is an emergency plan for operational or accidental oil discharge. SMPEP (Shipboard Marine Pollution Emergency Plan) is a more comprehensive plan covering toxic liquid substances, etc. The chief officer is usually a key member of the emergency response team, responsible for on-site command, operation of plugging, control of cargo oil/fuel oil systems, etc.

7. 问：ISPS规则下大副的保安职责是什么？

答：负责具体保安措施的落实包括限制区域的控制、货物装卸期间的保安监督、对登船人员和个人物品的检查、监督SSP（船舶保安计划）的执行情况并在必要时担任SSO（船舶保安员）的替补。

Q: What are the security duties of the chief officer under the ISPS Code?

A: Responsible for the implementation of specific security measures, including control of restricted areas, security supervision during cargo loading and unloading, inspection of persons boarding the ship and their personal belongings, supervision of the implementation of SSP (Ship Security Plan), and acting as a substitute for SSO (Ship Security Officer) when necessary.

 

二、货物操作（Cargo Operations）

8. 问：在装载货油前大副需要完成哪些关键准备工作？

答：制定详细的配载和装货计划；与码头召开货前会议（Pre-loading meeting）；确认所有货油舱、管系、阀门状态正确；检查并测试所有关键设备如货泵、阀门、高位/高高位警报、ODME、IG系统等；确保通讯畅通；商定装卸速率和应急停止程序。

Q: What key preparations does the chief officer need to complete before loading cargo oil?

A: Formulate a detailed stowage and loading plan; hold a pre-loading meeting with the terminal; confirm that all cargo oil tanks, pipelines and valves are in correct condition; inspect and test all key equipment such as cargo pumps, valves, high/high-high level alarms, ODME, IG systems, etc.; ensure smooth communication; agree on loading and unloading rates and emergency stop procedures.

9. 问：制定装货计划（Loading Plan）时需要考虑哪些因素？

答：船舶应力（船体弯矩和剪力）；稳性（GM值）；吃水和吃水差；港口限制（水深、装货速率）；货油的特性（密度、粘度、闪点）；以及货舱的装载顺序和透气要求。

Q: What factors need to be considered when formulating a Loading Plan?

A: Ship stress (hull bending moment and shear force); stability (GM value); draft and trim; port restrictions (water depth, loading rate); characteristics of cargo oil (density, viscosity, flash point); and loading sequence and ventilation requirements of cargo tanks.

10. 问：什么是“装载速率曲线”（Loading Rate Diagram）？如何使用它？

答：它是根据船舶货舱结构强度计算的在不同吃水下的最大允许装载速率曲线。操作时实际装载速率不得超过曲线规定的值尤其是在装货初期和末期以防对船体结构造成过大的冲击应力。

Q: What is the "Loading Rate Diagram"? How to use it?

A: It is a curve of maximum allowable loading rates at different drafts calculated based on the structural strength of the ship's cargo tanks. During operation, the actual loading rate must not exceed the value specified by the curve, especially at the initial and final stages of loading, to prevent excessive impact stress on the hull structure.

11. 问：解释一下“最后装舱”（Last Cargo Tanks）的概念和重要性。

答：“最后装舱”是指在装货结束时最后装满的几个货舱。由于管路压力损失和船舶吃水变化这些舱最容易发生溢油。因此需要特别监控提前降低装货速率并确保高位警报系统工作正常。

Q: Explain the concept and importance of "Last Cargo Tanks".

A: "Last Cargo Tanks" refer to the last few tanks that are filled at the end of loading. Due to pipeline pressure loss and changes in ship draft, these tanks are most prone to oil spills. Therefore, special monitoring is required, the loading rate should be reduced in advance, and the high-level alarm system should be ensured to work normally.

12. 问：卸货前大副需要做哪些准备工作？

答：与码头召开卸前会议；测试货泵、阀门、遥控系统；检查并校准货舱液位测量系统；准备卸货计划；检查并确保惰气系统（IGS）正常运行且质量合格；商定卸货顺序和初始泵速。

Q: What preparations does the chief officer need to make before unloading?

A: Hold a pre-unloading meeting with the terminal; test cargo pumps, valves and remote control systems; inspect and calibrate the cargo tank level measurement system; prepare an unloading plan; inspect and ensure that the inert gas system (IGS) is operating normally and of qualified quality; agree on the unloading sequence and initial pump speed.

13. 问：卸货时为什么要控制卸货速率尤其是在开始阶段？

答：初始阶段控制速率是为了防止货泵吸空（因货油液位低容易吸入气体导致泵浦汽蚀）和避免因突然的虹吸效应给船体结构带来不必要的应力。同时也为了与码头接收设施的压力相匹配。

Q: Why is it necessary to control the unloading rate during unloading, especially at the initial stage?

A: Controlling the rate at the initial stage is to prevent the cargo pump from being emptied (due to low cargo oil level, it is easy to inhale gas leading to pump cavitation) and to avoid unnecessary stress on the hull structure due to sudden siphon effect. It is also to match the pressure of the terminal receiving facilities.

14. 问：什么是“stripping”（扫舱）操作？为什么它很重要？

答：当主货泵无法抽出剩余货油时使用专用的扫舱泵将货舱底部的残油抽吸干净。这对于最大化卸货量、减少货差以及为后续的压载或洗舱操作做准备都至关重要。

Q: What is "stripping" operation? Why is it important?

A: When the main cargo pump cannot pump out the remaining cargo oil, a special stripping pump is used to suck out the residual oil at the bottom of the cargo tank. This is crucial for maximizing the unloading volume, reducing cargo discrepancies, and preparing for subsequent ballasting or tank cleaning operations.

15. 问：如何计算货油数量？通常采用哪些方法？

答：主要通过测量货舱的液位、温度、密度来计算体积和重量。方法包括船舶测量（Ullage/Innage）、码头流量计读数以及油舱液位遥测系统（ATG）读数。需要进行温度、密度和纵倾的修正。

Q: How to calculate the quantity of cargo oil? What methods are usually used?

A: The volume and weight are mainly calculated by measuring the liquid level, temperature and density of the cargo tank. Methods include ship measurement (Ullage/Innage), terminal flow meter reading, and oil tank level telemetry system (ATG) reading. Corrections for temperature, density and trim are required.

16. 问：导致货差（Cargo Shortage/Discrepancy）的原因可能有哪些？

答：测量误差（液位、温度、密度）；船上管线及泵浦中的残油；货油中的挥发（Vapor Loss）；偷窃；计算错误；或舱壁/阀门泄漏。

Q: What may be the causes of Cargo Shortage/Discrepancy?

A: Measurement errors (liquid level, temperature, density); residual oil in on-board pipelines and pumps; vapor loss in cargo oil; theft; calculation errors; or bulkhead/valve leakage.

17. 问：如何处理货差争议？

答：首先复核所有测量和计算数据；与码头代表共同进行联合测量（Joint Ullage）；检查所有相关管线；查阅装卸记录；如无法解决应及时报告船长和租家并做好书面声明和抗议（Letter of Protest）。

Q: How to handle cargo discrepancy disputes?

A: First, review all measurement and calculation data; conduct a joint measurement (Joint Ullage) with the terminal representative; inspect all relevant pipelines; check loading and unloading records; if it cannot be resolved, report to the captain and the charterer in a timely manner and prepare a written statement and protest (Letter of Protest).

18. 问：什么是“Custody Transfer”？

答：指货油所有权从一方（如卖方/码头）转移给另一方（如买方/船舶）的关键过程。此过程依赖于精确的计量和双方认可的测量程序是商业交易的基础。

Q: What is "Custody Transfer"?

A: It refers to the key process of transferring the ownership of cargo oil from one party (such as the seller/terminal) to another party (such as the buyer/ship). This process relies on accurate measurement and mutually agreed measurement procedures, which is the basis of commercial transactions.

 

三、惰气系统（Inert Gas System - IGS）

19. 问：惰气系统（IGS）的主要作用是什么？

答：其主要作用是将惰性气体（通常是主机废气或惰气发生器产生的气体）充入货油舱降低舱内氧气含量（通常要求低于8%）使货舱环境无法支持燃烧从而防止爆炸和火灾。

Q: What is the main function of the Inert Gas System (IGS)?

A: Its main function is to fill the cargo oil tank with inert gas (usually gas generated by main engine exhaust or inert gas generator) to reduce the oxygen content in the tank (usually required to be less than 8%), making the cargo tank environment unable to support combustion, thereby preventing explosions and fires.

20. 问：惰气质量需要满足什么标准？

答：氧气含量通常不能超过5%（体积比）对于原油船进入货舱的惰气含氧量应低于5%；对于成品油船或化学品船要求可能更严格（如低于3%或更低）。

Q: What standards must inert gas quality meet?

A: The oxygen content usually cannot exceed 5% (by volume). For crude oil tankers, the oxygen content of inert gas entering the cargo tank should be less than 5%; for product oil tankers or chemical tankers, the requirements may be stricter (such as less than 3% or lower).

21. 问：IGS在哪些情况下必须运行？

答：在卸货作业期间、原油洗舱期间以及除必要检查外货舱存在可燃气体的大部分时间都必须运行。在压载航行期间也需维持货舱的正压惰化状态。

Q: Under what circumstances must IGS operate?

A: It must operate during unloading operations, crude oil tank washing, and most of the time when there is flammable gas in the cargo tank except for necessary inspections. During ballast navigation, the positive pressure inerting state of the cargo tank must also be maintained.

22. 问：如果IGS在卸货过程中突然故障你应该采取什么紧急措施？

答：立即停止卸货作业；通知码头停止泵送；关闭甲板隔离阀防止空气进入货舱系统；启动应急程序评估情况；只有在IGS修复且货舱重新建立惰化状态后才能恢复作业。

Q: If the IGS suddenly fails during unloading, what emergency measures should you take?

A: Immediately stop the unloading operation; notify the terminal to stop pumping; close the deck isolation valve to prevent air from entering the cargo tank system; start the emergency procedure to assess the situation; operations can only be resumed after the IGS is repaired and the cargo tank is re-inerted.

23. 问：如何测试货舱内的氧气含量？

答：使用经过校准的手持式氧气分析仪通过货舱的取样孔进行测量。测量时要注意取样的代表性（不同高度）并遵循安全进入程序。

Q: How to test the oxygen content in the cargo tank?

A: Use a calibrated hand-held oxygen analyzer to measure through the sampling hole of the cargo tank. When measuring, attention should be paid to the representativeness of the sample (at different heights) and follow the safe entry procedures.

24. 问：甲板水封（Deck Water Seal）的作用是什么？有哪几种类型？

答：作用是防止货舱内的可燃气体倒流回机舱的惰气总管。主要类型有湿式（Wet Type）和半干式（Semi-dry Type）。湿式水封必须始终保持供水。

Q: What is the function of the Deck Water Seal? What are the types?

A: Its function is to prevent flammable gas in the cargo tank from flowing back to the inert gas main pipe of the engine room. The main types are Wet Type and Semi-dry Type. The wet water seal must always maintain water supply.

 

四、原油洗舱（Crude Oil Washing - COW）

25. 问：什么是原油洗舱（COW）？其主要目的是什么？

答：COW是指在卸货的同时或之后使用本船所载的原油作为洗舱介质通过固定式洗舱机喷射到货舱内壁上。主要目的是清除舱壁和构件上的油渣减少残油量增加卸货量并为后续的压载水操作提供清洁的压载舱。

Q: What is Crude Oil Washing (COW)? What is its main purpose?

A: COW refers to using the crude oil carried by the ship as the tank washing medium to spray onto the inner walls of the cargo tanks through fixed washing machines during or after unloading. Its main purpose is to remove oil residues from the tank walls and components reduce residual oil quantity increase unloading volume and provide clean ballast tanks for subsequent ballast water operations.

26. 问：实施COW需要满足哪些先决条件？

答：船舶必须具备有效的COW手册和COW设备；船员必须经过COW操作培训；必须获得港口国/码头方的许可；惰气系统必须正常工作；并需制定详细的COW计划。

Q: What prerequisites must be met for implementing COW?

A: The ship must have valid COW manuals and COW equipment; crew members must receive COW operation training; permission from the port state/terminal must be obtained; the inert gas system must work normally; and a detailed COW plan must be formulated.

27. 问：大副在COW操作中的主要职责是什么？

答：制定COW计划；监督操作确保按计划执行；监控IGS压力和质量；检查洗舱机的工作情况；控制洗舱顺序和时间；防止舱内压力过高或过低；并记录所有操作。

Q: What are the main responsibilities of the chief officer in COW operations?

A: Formulate the COW plan; supervise operations to ensure compliance with the plan; monitor IGS pressure and quality; check the working condition of washing machines; control the sequence and time of tank washing; prevent excessive high or low pressure in the tanks; and record all operations.

28. 问：COW操作中最主要的风险是什么？如何控制？

答：最主要的风险是静电积聚引发爆炸。控制措施包括始终保持货舱惰化（含氧量<8%）；控制洗舱初始速率；避免使用水雾模式喷射；确保所有洗舱机接地良好；并监控舱内气压。

Q: What is the main risk in COW operations? How to control it?

A: The main risk is explosion caused by static electricity accumulation. Control measures include always keeping the cargo tanks inerted (oxygen content <8%); controlling the initial tank washing rate; avoiding using water mist mode for spraying; ensuring all washing machines are well grounded; and monitoring the pressure inside the tanks.

 

五、洗舱与除气（Tank Cleaning & Gas Freeing）

29. 问：什么情况下需要进行洗舱？

答：换装不同油品货前（防止货物污染）；进厂修理前；进行舱室检查或保养前；以及根据租船合同要求。

Q: Under what circumstances is tank cleaning required?

A: Before loading different types of oil products (to prevent cargo contamination); before entering the factory for repair; before conducting tank inspections or maintenance; and according to the requirements of the charter party.

30. 问：洗舱主要有哪几种方式？

答：原油洗舱（COW）；水洗（Water Washing）包括热水和冷水；化学清洗（使用清洁剂）；以及通风干燥。

Q: What are the main methods of tank cleaning?

A: Crude Oil Washing (COW); Water Washing including hot water and cold water; chemical cleaning (using cleaning agents); and ventilation drying.

31. 问：除气（Gas Freeing）的目的是什么？如何实现？

答：目的是将货舱内的可燃气体和有毒气体排出使舱内环境达到安全标准以便人员进入或进行热工作业。通常使用便携式或固定式通风机将新鲜空气强制送入舱内置换出舱内的危险气体。

Q: What is the purpose of Gas Freeing? How to achieve it?

A: The purpose is to discharge flammable and toxic gases in the cargo tank so that the environment inside the tank meets safety standards for personnel entry or hot work operations. Usually portable or fixed ventilators are used to force fresh air into the tank to replace the dangerous gases inside.

32. 问：如何确认一个货舱已达到“安全入舱”（Safe for Entry）的标准？

答：必须使用校准过的气体检测仪进行测量并同时满足三个条件氧气浓度达到21%；可燃气体浓度（LEL）低于1%；有毒气体浓度（如苯、H2S）低于允许暴露极限（PEL）。

Q: How to confirm that a cargo tank has met the "Safe for Entry" standard?

A: A calibrated gas detector must be used for measurement and three conditions must be met simultaneously: oxygen concentration reaches 21%; flammable gas concentration (LEL) is below 1%; toxic gas concentration (such as benzene H2S) is below the permissible exposure limit (PEL).

33. 问：什么是“热工作业”（Hot Work）？在油船上进行热工作业需要什么许可？

答：热工作业是指能产生火花、火焰或高温的作业如焊接、打磨、切割等。必须由船长或指定负责人（通常是大副）签发“热工作业许可证”（Permit to Work）该许可证基于风险评估和气体测量结果并需落实所有安全措施。

Q: What is "Hot Work"? What permission is required for hot work on an oil tanker?

A: Hot work refers to operations that can generate sparks flames or high temperatures such as welding grinding cutting etc. A "Permit to Work" must be issued by the captain or designated person in charge (usually the chief officer) which is based on risk assessment and gas measurement results and all safety measures must be implemented.

 

六、压载水操作（Ballast Operations）

34. 问：油船的压载水操作与普通货船有何不同？

答：油船通常使用专用的压载舱（SBT）严禁将压载水装入货油舱（特殊情况除外并需记录在ORB上）。压载操作必须考虑油污风险并遵守MARPOL关于压载水排放的规定。

Q: How does ballast water operation of oil tankers differ from that of ordinary cargo ships?

A: Oil tankers usually use dedicated ballast tanks (SBT) and it is strictly prohibited to load ballast water into cargo oil tanks (except for special circumstances which must be recorded in ORB). Ballast operations must consider the risk of oil pollution and comply with MARPOL regulations on ballast water discharge.

35. 问：什么是“清洁压载舱”（CBT）？

答：CBT是指某些旧油船其特定货舱被指定专门用于装载压载水并配备独立的泵浦和管系以确保压载水不被货油污染。这些舱的压载水可以直接排放。

Q: What is "Clean Ballast Tank" (CBT)?

A: CBT refers to certain old oil tankers whose specific cargo tanks are designated for loading ballast water and are equipped with independent pumps and pipelines to ensure that ballast water is not contaminated by cargo oil. The ballast water in these tanks can be discharged directly.

36. 问：在装港排放压载水时应注意什么？

答：排放前需确认是清洁压载水（通过目视或油份监测）；排放速率需与装货速率相协调以保持适当的吃水和应力；并需准确记录在《油类记录簿》上。

Q: What should be noted when discharging ballast water at the loading port?

A: Before discharge it is necessary to confirm that it is clean ballast water (through visual inspection or oil content monitoring); the discharge rate must be coordinated with the loading rate to maintain appropriate draft and stress; and it must be accurately recorded in the Oil Record Book.

 

七、安全与应急（Safety & Emergency）

37. 问：油船甲板上的主要危险是什么？

答：火灾/爆炸风险（可燃气体）；中毒风险（有毒蒸气如苯、H2S）；缺氧风险；以及滑倒、绊倒、坠落等物理风险。

Q: What are the main hazards on the deck of an oil tanker?

A: Fire/explosion risk (flammable gases); poisoning risk (toxic vapors such as benzene H2S); oxygen deficiency risk; and physical risks such as slipping tripping and falling.

38. 问：在货油区域工作需要遵守哪些安全规定？

答：必须使用防爆工具和设备；穿着防静电服和安全鞋；禁止携带非防爆电子设备；遵守密闭空间进入程序；以及持续监测周围气体环境。

Q: What safety regulations must be followed when working in the cargo oil area?

A: Explosion-proof tools and equipment must be used; anti-static clothing and safety shoes must be worn; non-explosion-proof electronic devices are prohibited; confined space entry procedures must be followed; and the surrounding gas environment must be continuously monitored.

39. 问：货油舱的高位（High Level）和高高位（High-High Level）警报有何区别？

答：高位警报在货舱液位达到舱容的98%左右时触发提醒操作人员需要减缓或停止装货。高高位警报在液位达到舱容的99.5%左右时触发通常会自动联锁关闭装货阀门或停止货泵是防止溢油的最后一道防线。

Q: What is the difference between High Level and High-High Level alarms for cargo oil tanks?

A: The High Level alarm is triggered when the cargo tank level reaches approximately 98% of the tank capacity reminding operators to slow down or stop loading. The High-High Level alarm is triggered when the level reaches approximately 99.5% of the tank capacity which usually automatically interlocks to close the loading valve or stop the cargo pump and is the last line of defense against oil spills.

40. 问：如果发生甲板溢油（Spill on Deck）你的立即行动是什么？

答：立即启动应急停止程序（停止装卸）；通知船长和码头；隔离泄漏源（如关闭阀门）；防止溢油入海（使用围油栏、吸油材料）；报告相关当局；并按照SOPEP中的程序组织清理。

Q: What is your immediate action if a Spill on Deck occurs?

A: Immediately activate the emergency stop procedure (stop loading and unloading); notify the captain and the terminal; isolate the leak source (such as closing valves); prevent oil spill from entering the sea (using oil booms oil absorbent materials); report to relevant authorities; and organize cleanup in accordance with the procedures in SOPEP.

41. 问：货油泵舱进入程序是什么？

答：泵舱是极度危险的密闭空间。进入前必须签发“密闭空间进入许可证”；彻底通风；使用气体检测仪持续监测氧气、可燃气和有毒气体含量；安排监护人员；并准备好救援设备。

Q: What is the procedure for entering the cargo pump room?

A: The pump room is an extremely dangerous confined space. Before entering a "Confined Space Entry Permit" must be issued; thorough ventilation must be carried out; a gas detector must be used to continuously monitor oxygen flammable gas and toxic gas contents; a supervisor must be arranged; and rescue equipment must be prepared.

42. 问：船上发生火灾（例如泵舱火灾）时大副的职责是什么？

答：作为现场指挥（根据应急名册）职责包括立即拉响警报；组织初始灭火；隔离火灾区域（关闭通风、阀门）；疏散人员；向船长报告火情；并执行船长的指令。

Q: What is the chief officer's responsibility when a fire breaks out on the ship (such as a pump room fire)?

A: As the on-site commander (depending on the emergency roster) responsibilities include immediately sounding the alarm; organizing initial fire fighting; isolating the fire area (closing ventilation valves); evacuating personnel; reporting the fire to the captain; and executing the captain's instructions.

43. 问：如何测试货油舱的应急切断（ESD）系统？

答：通常在装货前与码头联合测试。测试方法是在码头和船舶的预定位置（通常位于艏艉消防站）激活ESD按钮确认装卸货臂/软管的阀门能自动快速关闭且货泵停止。

Q: How to test the Emergency Shutdown (ESD) system of cargo oil tanks?

A: It is usually tested jointly with the terminal before loading. The test method is to activate the ESD button at the predetermined positions of the terminal and the ship (usually located at the bow and stern fire stations) to confirm that the valves of the loading/unloading arms/hoses can automatically close quickly and the cargo pumps stop.

44. 问：什么是“雷暴天气”（Thunderstorm）下的操作程序？

答：雷暴天气下静电风险急剧增加。通常应停止所有货油、压载、洗舱和除气作业；关闭所有舱盖和开口；并确保甲板所有设备接地良好。

Q: What is the operating procedure under "Thunderstorm" conditions?

A: Under thunderstorm conditions the risk of static electricity increases sharply. Usually all cargo oil ballast tank washing and gas freeing operations should be stopped; all hatches and openings should be closed; and all deck equipment must be ensured to be well grounded.

 

八、设备维护与检查（Equipment Maintenance & Inspection）

45. 问：大副对甲板部的维护保养负总责。请列举油船甲板部需要特别关注维护的关键设备。

答：货油泵及其控制系统；所有货油/压载阀门的遥控和本地操作机构；惰气系统（IGS）及其甲板水封、压力/氧气传感器；洗舱机；固定式和便携式气体检测设备；液位测量系统；高位/高高位警报；呼吸阀和真空阀；消防和救生设备；系泊设备。

Q: The chief officer is fully responsible for the maintenance of the deck department. Please list the key equipment that the deck department of an oil tanker needs to pay special attention to for maintenance.

A: Cargo pumps and their control systems; remote control and local operation mechanisms of all cargo oil/ballast valves; inert gas system (IGS) and its deck water seal pressure/oxygen sensors; tank washing machines; fixed and portable gas detection equipment; liquid level measurement systems; high level/high-high level alarms; pressure/vacuum valves; fire fighting and life-saving equipment; mooring equipment.

46. 问：如何维护货油舱的呼吸阀（P/V Valve）和真空阀？

答：按照计划进行定期检查、清洁和测试确保其内部盘片活动自如密封良好压力/真空设定值正确。测试通常使用专用测试设备或根据制造商指南进行。

Q: How to maintain the pressure/vacuum valves (P/V Valve) and vacuum valves of cargo oil tanks?

A: Conduct regular inspections cleaning and testing according to the plan to ensure that their internal discs move freely have good sealing and the pressure/vacuum settings are correct. Testing is usually carried out using special test equipment or in accordance with the manufacturer's guidelines.

47. 问：货油软管或输油臂的检查要点是什么？

答：检查其证书是否在有效期内；外观有无裂纹、鼓包、磨损、老化迹象；法兰连接面是否完好；标记（最大工作压力等）是否清晰。

Q: What are the key points for inspecting cargo oil hoses or loading arms?

A: Check whether their certificates are within the validity period; whether there are signs of cracks bulges wear and aging in appearance; whether the flange connection surfaces are intact; and whether the marks (maximum working pressure etc.) are clear.

48. 问：ODME（排油监控系统）的日常测试和检查包括什么？

答：包括零点校准、警报测试、记录功能检查、取样泵和流量计检查并定期进行模拟排放测试以验证整个系统功能正常。

Q: What does the daily testing and inspection of ODME (Oil Discharge Monitoring Equipment) include?

A: It includes zero calibration alarm testing recording function inspection sampling pump and flow meter inspection and regular simula...

下篇：油船大副面试问题以及参考答案（精华篇下）：https://edu.greenblogs.cn/article/3561