油船大副面试问题及参考答案（精华篇下）

50. 问：与码头操作人员沟通时，最重要的原则是什么？

答：清晰、准确、及时。使用标准术语，对所有关键指令（如开泵、停泵、增减速率）进行复诵确认，以确保双方理解一致。

Q: What is the most important principle when communicating with terminal operators?

A: Clarity, accuracy and timeliness. Use standard terminology and repeat all key instructions (such as starting pumps, stopping pumps, increasing or decreasing rates) for confirmation to ensure mutual understanding.

51. 问：大副如何管理和培训甲板部船员，特别是关于油船安全方面？

答：通过定期举行安全会议、进行drills（消防、救生、防污染、货油操作应急演练）、开展在职培训（OJT）、讲解体系文件和工作许可制度，来提升船员的安全意识和操作技能。

Q: How does the chief officer manage and train deck department crew, especially regarding oil tanker safety?

A: Enhance crew's safety awareness and operational skills through holding regular safety meetings, conducting drills (fire fighting, life-saving, pollution prevention, cargo oil operation emergency drills), carrying out on-the-job training (OJT), and explaining system documents and work permit systems.

52. 问：迎接PSC（港口国监督检查）或OCIMF/SIRE检查时，大副需要重点准备什么？

答：确保所有证书、文件（ORB、训练记录、维护记录）齐全有效；熟悉所有关键设备（IGS, ODME, COW, ESD）的操作和测试程序；保持甲板和设备良好的维护状态；并确保船员清楚自己的职责和应急程序。

Q: What key preparations does the chief officer need to make when PSC (Port State Control) or OCIMF/SIRE inspections?

A: Ensure all certificates and documents (ORB, training records, maintenance records) are complete and valid; be familiar with the operation and testing procedures of all key equipment (IGS, ODME, COW, ESD); maintain good maintenance of decks and equipment; and ensure crew members are clear about their responsibilities and emergency procedures.

 

十、情景与故障处理（Scenarios & Troubleshooting）

53. 问：装货时，一个货舱的高位警报失灵，你如何发现并处理？

答：必须依靠人工频繁测量（Ullage）来监控液位。一旦发现失灵，应立即报告船长并通知码头，降低装货速率，将该舱作为“最后装舱”重点监控，并安排人员维修警报器。

Q: During loading, if the high-level alarm of a cargo tank fails, how do you detect and handle it?

A: You must rely on frequent manual ullage measurements to monitor the liquid level. Once the failure is detected, immediately report to the captain and notify the terminal, reduce the loading rate, monitor the tank as a "last cargo tank" with emphasis, and arrange for personnel to repair the alarm.

54. 问：航行途中，发现一个货舱的惰气压力持续下降，可能的原因是什么？

答：可能的原因包括：惰气总管或舱盖有泄漏；P/V阀卡在开位；甲板水封缺水；或惰气风机故障。需要逐一排查。

Q: During navigation, if the inert gas pressure in a cargo tank continues to drop, what might be the reasons?

A: Possible reasons include: leakage in the inert gas main pipe or tank hatch; P/V valve stuck in the open position; lack of water in the deck water seal; or failure of the inert gas fan. Need to check one by one.

55. 问：卸货时，一台主货泵振动异常并发出噪音，你怎么办？

答：立即停止该泵；启动备用泵（如有）；通知码头调整泵速；检查泵浦是否发生汽蚀或吸入气体；排查原因，在未查明并排除故障前不得重新启用该泵。

Q: During unloading, if a main cargo pump vibrates abnormally and makes noise, what do you do?

A: Immediately stop the pump; start the standby pump (if any); notify the terminal to adjust the pump speed; check if the pump is cavitating or sucking in gas; investigate the cause and do not restart the pump until the fault is identified and eliminated.

56. 问：洗舱后，某个舱的可燃气体积聚始终无法降至1%以下，可能的原因是什么？

答：可能是舱内结构复杂，存在“气袋”（Gas Pocket），通风不畅。需要调整通风机的位置和风向，采用“推拉”式通风，或使用水雾喷射来驱散残留气体。

Q: After tank cleaning, the flammable gas accumulation in a certain tank cannot be reduced to below 1%. What might be the reasons?

A: It may be due to the complex internal structure of the tank, with "Gas Pockets" and poor ventilation. Need to adjust the position and direction of the ventilator, adopt "push-pull" ventilation, or use water mist spraying to disperse residual gas.

57. 问：在寒冷天气下操作，需要注意哪些特殊风险？

答：甲板结冰（滑倒风险）；管路和设备冻住（需提前排空残水）；货油凝固（需加热）；阀门和机械设备因低温卡滞；以及人员冻伤风险。

Q: What special risks need to be noted when operating in cold weather?

A: Deck icing (risk of slipping); freezing of pipelines and equipment (need to drain residual water in advance); cargo oil solidification (need heating); jamming of valves and mechanical equipment due to low temperature; and risk of personnel frostbite.

58. 问：如果你怀疑货油舱的测量仪表（ATG）读数不准确，该怎么办？

答：立即使用手工测量（Ullage Tape）进行比对和校准。在依赖该仪表进行关键操作（如计算货量、判断高位）前，必须以手工测量为准，并安排检修仪表。

Q: If you suspect that the reading of the cargo oil tank's measuring instrument (ATG) is inaccurate, what do you do?

A: Immediately use manual measurement (Ullage Tape) for comparison and calibration. Before relying on the instrument for key operations (such as calculating cargo quantity, judging high level), manual measurement must be taken as the standard, and arrange for instrument maintenance.

59. 问：码头要求提高装货速率，但该速率已超过你船上“装载速率曲线”的限制，你如何处理？

答：礼貌但坚决地拒绝码头的要求。解释这是基于船舶结构强度的安全限制，不容逾越。出示装载手册中的曲线作为依据，并提出一个在安全范围内的替代速率方案。

Q: The terminal requests to increase the loading rate, but the rate has exceeded the limit of your ship's "Loading Rate Diagram". How do you handle it?

A: Politely but firmly refuse the terminal's request. Explain that this is a safety limit based on the ship's structural strength and cannot be exceeded. Present the curve in the loading manual as evidence and propose an alternative rate plan within the safe range.

60. 问：在港内，货油蒸汽飘向生活区，你应采取什么措施？

答：立即关闭生活区所有的外部通风口和门窗；通知码头，考虑暂停作业或调整船舶方位（如可能）；监测生活区周围的气体浓度；并确保人员避免在甲板下风处停留。

Q: In the port, if cargo oil vapor drifts towards the living area, what measures should you take?

A: Immediately close all external vents and doors/windows in the living area; notify the terminal to consider suspending operations or adjusting the ship's position (if possible); monitor the gas concentration around the living area; and ensure personnel avoid staying in the leeward area of the deck.

 

十一、进阶与综合问题（Advanced & Comprehensive Questions）

61. 问：解释VLCC（超大型油轮）在装卸货时“沉深要求（Squat Effect）”的影响。

答：在浅水区，船舶航行时船底和水底之间的水流加速，压力降低，导致船体下沉（沉深）和产生尾倾。对于VLCC，即使在低速移动时，这种效应也很显著，可能危及航行安全，需提前计算并预留足够水深。

Q: Explain the impact of "Squat Effect" on VLCC (Very Large Crude Carrier) during loading and unloading.

A: In shallow water, when a ship is sailing, the water flow between the bottom of the ship and the seabed accelerates, and the pressure decreases, causing the hull to sink (squat) and trim by the stern. For VLCCs, this effect is significant even at low speeds, which may endanger navigation safety. It is necessary to calculate in advance and reserve sufficient water depth.

62. 问：什么是“VECSO”？它的作用是什么？

答：非常规应急载货舷侧开口（Vessel's Emergency Cargo Side Outlet），是某些油船在船侧安装的应急出口，用于在船内主货油管系损坏时，通过它连接软管进行卸货或救助作业。

Q: What is "VECSO"? What is its function?

A: VECSO (Vessel's Emergency Cargo Side Outlet) is an emergency outlet installed on the side of some oil tankers. It is used to connect hoses for unloading or rescue operations when the main cargo oil pipeline system on the ship is damaged.

63. 问：如何处理高倾点（High Pour Point）或高凝点（High Solidifying Point）的货油？

答：必须在装卸和运输过程中对货油进行持续加热，保持其温度远高于倾点，以确保其流动性。需制定详细的加热计划，监控各舱温度，防止局部凝固。

Q: How to handle cargo oil with High Pour Point or High Solidifying Point?

A: The cargo oil must be continuously heated during loading, unloading and transportation to keep its temperature much higher than the pour point to ensure its fluidity. A detailed heating plan needs to be formulated, and the temperature of each tank should be monitored to prevent local solidification.

64. 问：什么是“静电accumulator”类货油？操作时需注意什么？

答：指容易积聚静电的清洁油品（如汽油、石脑油、煤油）。操作时需严格控制初始装载速率（通常<1m/s直至舱底歧管被淹没），避免水雾喷射洗舱，并留有足够的静置时间（Relaxation Time）后再进行测量等作业。

Q: What are "static accumulator" type cargo oils? What should be noted during operation?

A: They refer to clean oil products that easily accumulate static electricity (such as gasoline, naphtha, kerosene). During operation, it is necessary to strictly control the initial loading rate (usually <1m/s until the bottom manifold is submerged), avoid water mist spraying for tank cleaning, and leave sufficient relaxation time before carrying out measurement and other operations.

65. 问：如何计算货油的“静置时间”？

答：静置时间通常从停止装货或停止洗舱开始计算。所需时间取决于货油的电导率、舱容、作业类型等，具体需参考《ISGOTT》中的图表和指南，通常为30分钟以上。

Q: How to calculate the "relaxation time" of cargo oil?

A: Relaxation time is usually calculated from the stop of loading or tank cleaning. The required time depends on the electrical conductivity of the cargo oil, tank capacity, type of operation, etc. For details, refer to the charts and guidelines in "ISGOTT", which is usually more than 30 minutes.

66. 问：解释“Load on Top”操作及其优缺点。

答：将洗舱后的污油水收集在一个指定舱内，静置分离，然后将下层的水排出（经ODME监控），将上层的油保留在舱内，与下一票货油一起卸载。优点是减少油污排放，缺点是可能影响下一票货油质量，且操作管理复杂，现已较少使用。

Q: Explain the "Load on Top" operation and its advantages and disadvantages.

A: Collect the dirty oil and water after tank cleaning in a designated tank, let it stand for separation, then discharge the lower layer of water (monitored by ODME), keep the upper layer of oil in the tank, and unload it together with the next batch of cargo oil. The advantage is reducing oil pollution discharge; the disadvantages are that it may affect the quality of the next batch of cargo oil, and the operation management is complex, so it is rarely used now.

67. 问：什么是“Cargo Tank Atmosphere Control”？除了惰化，还有哪些方式？

答：指对货舱内气体环境进行控制。除了惰化（Inerting），还有充填（Padding，用气体或蒸汽填充液面上空间）和干燥（Drying）等方式，常用于化学品船或成品油船，以防止货物变质或发生反应。

Q: What is "Cargo Tank Atmosphere Control"? Besides inerting, what other methods are there?

A: It refers to the control of the gas environment in the cargo tank. In addition to inerting, there are methods such as padding (filling the space above the liquid surface with gas or steam) and drying, which are often used in chemical tankers or product oil tankers to prevent cargo deterioration or reaction.

68. 问：你如何监控和管理货油运输过程中的“挥发损耗”（Vapor Loss）？

答：通过保持货舱的惰气正压，减少因“呼吸”效应造成的挥发；优化航速和航线，减少风浪导致的船舶晃动；对于一些高价值货品，可考虑使用挥发气体回收系统（Vapor Recovery System）。

Q: How do you monitor and manage "Vapor Loss" during cargo oil transportation?

A: Reduce volatilization caused by the "breathing" effect by maintaining positive inert gas pressure in the cargo tank; optimize navigation speed and route to reduce ship sway caused by wind and waves; for some high-value goods, consider using a Vapor Recovery System.

69. 问：进干坞修理前，大副需要做哪些特殊的准备工作？

答：确保所有货油舱、燃油舱、污油舱均已彻底清洗、除气、并取得“热工作业”和“安全入舱”证书；移除所有舱内可燃物品；与船厂详细沟通修理项目和安全要求。

Q: What special preparations does the chief officer need to make before entering the dry dock for repair?

A: Ensure all cargo oil tanks, fuel oil tanks, and dirty oil tanks are thoroughly cleaned, gas-freed, and obtain "hot work" and "safe entry" certificates; remove all flammable items in the tanks; communicate in detail with the shipyard about repair items and safety requirements.

70. 问：如何应对租家或货主提出的不合理要求（如使用货舱装载非约定货品）？

答：首先查阅租船合同和相关法规，确认要求是否合规。如不合理或不安全，应礼貌而坚定地拒绝，并书面报告船长和船东，阐明拒绝的理由和潜在风险，获取公司的明确指示。

Q: How to deal with unreasonable requests from charterers or cargo owners (such as using cargo tanks to load non-agreed goods)?

A: First, check the charter party and relevant regulations to confirm whether the request is compliant. If it is unreasonable or unsafe, politely but firmly refuse, and report in writing to the captain and shipowner, explaining the reasons for refusal and potential risks, and obtain clear instructions from the company.

71. 问：描述一下你经历过的最大一次挑战或应急情况，你是如何处理的？

答：（这是一个行为面试题，需结合自身经历，用STAR原则描述：Situation情境, Task任务, Action行动, Result结果。重点展示你的领导力、决策力和专业知识。）

Q: Describe the biggest challenge or emergency situation you have experienced and how you handled it?

A: (This is a behavioral interview question. It needs to be described with the STAR principle based on your own experience: Situation, Task, Action, Result. Focus on demonstrating your leadership, decision-making ability and professional knowledge.)

72. 问：你对“安全文化”在油船上的理解是什么？作为大副如何推动？

答：安全文化是所有船员共有的价值观和行为准则，其核心是“任何操作安全第一”。作为大副，要以身作则，鼓励主动报告隐患（Non-blame Culture），积极组织培训和演练，让安全成为每个人的习惯。

Q: What is your understanding of "safety culture" on oil tankers? How to promote it as a chief officer?

A: Safety culture is the shared values and codes of conduct of all crew members, with the core of "safety first in any operation". As a chief officer, you should set an example, encourage active reporting of hidden dangers (Non-blame Culture), actively organize training and drills, and make safety a habit for everyone.

73. 问：如何管理有经验但态度消极的高级船员（如水手长）？

答：尊重其经验，赋予其一定的责任和自主权；同时加强沟通，了解其消极原因，明确期望和要求；通过正向激励和团队建设来调动其积极性；如无改善，需按程序向船长报告。

Q: How to manage experienced but negatively-minded senior crew members (such as bosun)?

A: Respect their experience and give them certain responsibilities and autonomy; at the same time, strengthen communication to understand the reasons for their negativity, clarify expectations and requirements; motivate their enthusiasm through positive incentives and team building; if there is no improvement, report to the captain in accordance with procedures.

74. 问：现代油船越来越多地使用自动化系统，你认为大副的角色发生了怎样的变化？

答：从单纯的操作执行者转变为系统的管理者、监控者和故障排除者。需要对自动化系统有更深的理解，不能过度依赖自动化，必须保持手动操作能力和situation awareness（情境意识）。

Q: Modern oil tankers are increasingly using automated systems. How do you think the role of the chief officer has changed?

A: From a mere operator to a system manager, monitor and troubleshooter. It is necessary to have a deeper understanding of automated systems, not over-rely on automation, and must maintain manual operation capabilities and situation awareness.

75. 问：你对新的环保法规（如碳强度指标CII、欧盟ETS）有何了解？它们如何影响大副的日常工作？

答：这些法规要求船舶节能减排。大副可以通过优化配载、减少压载水周转量、与船长合作优化航速（Slow Steaming）、计划节能航线、减少港内辅机运行时间等方式，为船舶满足法规要求做出贡献。

Q: What do you know about new environmental regulations (such as Carbon Intensity Indicator CII, EU ETS)? How do they affect the chief officer's daily work?

A: These regulations require ships to save energy and reduce emissions. The chief officer can contribute to the ship's compliance with the regulations by optimizing stowage, reducing ballast water turnover, cooperating with the captain to optimize speed (Slow Steaming), planning energy-saving routes, and reducing the operation time of auxiliary engines in ports.

76. 问：如果船长做出的决策你认为有明显错误且危险，你会怎么做？

答：选择合适的时间和地点，私下、礼貌地向船长再次表达我的担忧，并提供我的专业分析和替代方案。如果船长坚持，我会再次确认指令（“Captain, just to confirm, your order is to...”）。如果指令明显违反强制性规定且会立即导致严重危险，我有责任拒绝执行并立即报告公司。整个过程必须有书面记录。

Q: If you think the decision made by the captain is obviously wrong and dangerous, what will you do?

A: Choose an appropriate time and place to privately and politely express my concerns to the captain again, and provide my professional analysis and alternative plans. If the captain insists, I will confirm the order again ("Captain, just to confirm, your order is to..."). If the order obviously violates mandatory regulations and will immediately lead to serious danger, I have the responsibility to refuse to execute it and report to the company immediately. The entire process must be recorded in writing.

77. 问：解释“冷热工作业”（Cold Work）和“热工作业”（Hot Work）的区别，并各举一例。

答：冷工作业是不产生火花、火焰或显著高温的作业，如更换法兰垫片、敲锈。热工作业是产生点火源的作业，如焊接、切割、打磨。两者都可能需要工作许可证，但热工作业的要求和风险控制措施严格得多。

Q: Explain the difference between "Cold Work" and "Hot Work", and give an example of each.

A: Cold work refers to operations that do not produce sparks, flames or significant high temperatures, such as replacing flange gaskets and rust removal. Hot work refers to operations that produce ignition sources, such as welding, cutting and grinding. Both may require work permits, but the requirements and risk control measures for hot work are much stricter.

78. 问：什么是“enclosed space entry”的“连续通风”要求？

答：在进入密闭空间期间，通风必须持续进行，不得中断，以维持内部空气的安全质量，并防止危险气体的再次积聚。

Q: What is the "continuous ventilation" requirement for "enclosed space entry"?

A: During entry into an enclosed space, ventilation must be continuous and not interrupted to maintain the safe quality of the internal air and prevent the re-accumulation of dangerous gases.

79. 问：货油取样（Cargo Sampling）的程序和重要性是什么？

答：在装卸前后，从指定取样点获取具有代表性的货样。程序应遵循API或ASTM标准。重要性在于：确定货品质量、数量计算、以及作为货物品质争议时的法律依据。

Q: What are the procedures and importance of Cargo Sampling?

A: Obtain representative cargo samples from designated sampling points before and after loading and unloading. The procedures should follow API or ASTM standards. The importance lies in determining the quality of goods, calculating quantities, and serving as a legal basis in case of disputes over cargo quality.

80. 问：你如何确保所有甲板部船员都充分理解并遵守公司的安全管理体系（SMS）？

答：定期组织SMS文件的学习；将SMS要求融入日常工作指令和检查表中；通过现场观察来监督执行情况；对不符合项进行纠正和再培训；并鼓励船员提出改进SMS的建议。

Q: How do you ensure that all deck department crew fully understand and comply with the company's Safety Management System (SMS)?

A: Regularly organize the study of SMS documents; integrate SMS requirements into daily work instructions and checklists; supervise the implementation through on-site observation; correct non-conformities and provide retraining; and encourage crew members to put forward suggestions for improving SMS.

81. 问：描述一下货油管系的“盲断”（Blinding）操作及其目的。

答：在需要绝对隔离的管段法兰之间插入盲板（Spectacle Flange或Spade）。目的是在进行重大维修、或不同油品运输需要严格物理隔离时，提供最可靠的隔离保障，优于仅关闭阀门。

Q: Describe the "Blinding" operation of cargo oil pipelines and its purpose.

A: Insert a blind flange (Spectacle Flange or Spade) between the flanges of the pipeline section that requires absolute isolation. The purpose is to provide the most reliable isolation guarantee when conducting major maintenance or when strict physical isolation is required for the transportation of different oil products, which is better than just closing the valve.

82. 问：遇到海盗威胁时，大副的职责是什么？

答：作为SSO的替补或协助者，执行船舶保安计划（SSP）中的反海盗程序：启动警报；组织船员撤回到安全舱（Citadel）；指挥使用消防水龙等手段阻止登船；保护船舶关键设备。

Q: What are the chief officer's responsibilities when encountering a pirate threat?

A: As a substitute or assistant to the SSO, implement the anti-piracy procedures in the Ship Security Plan (SSP): activate the alarm; organize crew members to withdraw to the Citadel; direct the use of fire hoses and other means to prevent boarding; protect key ship equipment.

83. 问：如何管理船舶的垃圾，特别是油污垃圾？

答：严格遵守MARPOL附则V。将垃圾严格分类存放。油污垃圾应存放在有标识的专用带盖金属容器内。处理需记录在《垃圾记录簿》中。在特殊区域外，经粉碎的食品废弃物可在距岸一定距离外排放，但一切塑料制品禁止入海。

Q: How to manage ship garbage, especially oily garbage?

A: Strictly comply with MARPOL Annex V. Store garbage in strict classification. Oily garbage should be stored in marked special covered metal containers. Disposal must be recorded in the Garbage Record Book. Outside special areas, crushed food waste can be discharged at a certain distance from the shore, but all plastic products are prohibited from entering the sea.

84. 问：解释“stress”和“stability”计算对大副的重要性。

答：确保船体结构强度在安全范围内，避免过大的弯矩和剪力导致船体变形或损坏。稳性确保船舶有足够的能力抵御外力（风浪）而不会倾覆。错误的配载会直接导致灾难性后果，因此大副必须精通并使用加载计算机进行核算。

Q: Explain the importance of "stress" and "stability" calculations for the chief officer.

A: Ensure that the hull structural strength is within a safe range, and avoid excessive bending moment and shear force leading to hull deformation or damage. Stability ensures that the ship has sufficient ability to resist external forces (wind and waves) without capsizing. Incorrect stowage will directly lead to catastrophic consequences, so the chief officer must be proficient in using the loading computer for calculation.

85. 问：什么是“free surface effect”？它对油船稳性有何影响？

答：舱内未满的液体会随船舶摇摆而晃动，其重心会移动，产生一个使船舶复原力矩减小的附加倾侧力矩，相当于降低了稳性高度（GM）。对于有大量货舱或压载舱的油船，自由液面的影响非常显著，必须在稳性计算中予以修正。

Q: What is the "free surface effect"? How does it affect the stability of oil tankers?

A: The unfilled liquid in the tank will slosh with the ship's rolling, and its center of gravity will move, generating an additional heeling moment that reduces the ship's righting moment, which is equivalent to reducing the metacentric height (GM). For oil tankers with a large number of cargo tanks or ballast tanks, the impact of free surface is very significant and must be corrected in stability calculations.

86. 问：你如何安排甲板部的日常、每周、每月维护计划？

答：根据公司的维护保养体系（PMS），结合船舶设备说明书和法规要求，制定详细的计划。日常维护由船员按班前指令完成；周/月维护项目写入工作计划，并分配人手，完成后记录。

Q: How do you arrange the daily, weekly and monthly maintenance plans for the deck department?

A: Formulate detailed plans according to the company's Planned Maintenance System (PMS), combined with ship equipment instructions and regulatory requirements. Daily maintenance is completed by crew members according to pre-shift instructions; weekly/monthly maintenance items are written into the work plan, and personnel are assigned, with records made after completion.

87. 问：在船员更换频繁的情况下，如何保证操作的无缝衔接和安全性？

答：建立完善的交接班制度。离任大副必须准备详细的交接班备忘录，并与接任大副共同工作时间（如1-2天），现场介绍设备状况、货物情况、未完成工作和潜在问题。接任大副必须尽快熟悉SMS和所有应急程序。

Q: In the case of frequent crew changes, how to ensure seamless operation and safety?

A: Establish a sound handover system. The outgoing chief officer must prepare a detailed handover memo and work with the incoming chief officer for a period of time (such as 1-2 days) to introduce on-site equipment status, cargo conditions, unfinished work and potential problems. The incoming chief officer must familiarize himself with SMS and all emergency procedures as soon as possible.

88. 问：你对“fatigue management”（疲劳管理）有何看法？如何安排值班？

答：疲劳是事故的重要诱因。必须严格遵守STCW关于休息时间的规定。在安排工作时，要考虑工作强度，避免长时间连续高强度作业，保证船员得到充分休息，尤其是在进出港和装卸货期间。

Q: What is your view on "fatigue management"? How to arrange shifts?

A: Fatigue is an important cause of accidents. The STCW regulations on rest time must be strictly observed. When arranging work, work intensity should be considered, avoid long-term continuous high-intensity work, and ensure that crew members get sufficient rest, especially during port entry, departure and cargo loading/unloading.

89. 问：如何应对PSC检查官提出的设备缺陷？

答：保持专业和合作的态度。对于明显缺陷，坦诚承认并立即安排纠正。对于有争议的缺陷，礼貌地提供证据（如证书、记录）进行解释。无论如何，不得贿赂或与检查官发生冲突。所有缺陷和纠正行动必须记录并报告公司。

Q: How to deal with equipment defects pointed out by PSC inspectors?

A: Maintain a professional and cooperative attitude. For obvious defects, frankly admit and immediately arrange for correction. For controversial defects, politely provide evidence (such as certificates, records) for explanation. In any case, do not bribe or conflict with inspectors. All defects and corrective actions must be recorded and reported to the company.

90. 问：描述一下“gas freeing”后，准备“hot work”的完整流程。

答：1. 彻底洗舱；2. 充分通风除气，直至多次测量确认舱内达到“安全入舱”和“热工作业”标准（可燃气体<1%）；3. 签发“密闭空间进入许可证”和“热工作业许可证”；4. 安排消防员、监护员，准备灭火设备；5. 作业期间持续监测气体；6. 作业后彻底检查现场，确保无火种遗留。

Q: Describe the complete process of preparing for "hot work" after "gas freeing".

A: 1. Thoroughly clean the tank; 2. Fully ventilate and free gas until multiple measurements confirm that the tank meets the "safe entry" and "hot work" standards (flammable gas <1%); 3. Issue "Confined Space Entry Permit" and "Hot Work Permit"; 4. Arrange firefighters and monitors, and prepare fire-fighting equipment; 5. Continuously monitor gas during operation; 6. Thoroughly inspect the site after operation to ensure no fire sources are left.

91. 问：什么是“Inert Gas Safe Working Pressure”？

答：指货舱结构（特别是舱盖）能够承受的最大正压和负压。IGS的操作压力必须始终设置在此安全压力范围内，以防止对货舱结构造成损坏。

Q: What is "Inert Gas Safe Working Pressure"?

A: It refers to the maximum positive and negative pressure that the cargo tank structure (especially the hatch cover) can withstand. The operating pressure of IGS must always be set within this safe pressure range to prevent damage to the cargo tank structure.

92. 问：如何检查货油软管是否接地良好？

答：使用万用表测量软管两端法兰之间的电阻，确保其导通（电阻很小），证明内部的接地导线完好。同时检查软管与船体/码头之间的接地电缆连接牢固。

Q: How to check if the cargo oil hose is well grounded?

A: Use a multimeter to measure the resistance between the flanges at both ends of the hose to ensure it is conductive (very low resistance), proving that the internal grounding wire is intact. At the same time, check that the grounding cable between the hose and the hull/terminal is firmly connected.

93. 问：解释“vapor pressure”（蒸汽压）对货油操作的影响。

答：蒸汽压高的货油（如汽油）挥发性强，更容易产生大量可燃蒸汽，增加了火灾爆炸风险和挥发损耗。操作时需更加注意控制舱内压力和通风。

Q: Explain the impact of "vapor pressure" on cargo oil operations.

A: Cargo oils with high vapor pressure (such as gasoline) are highly volatile and more likely to produce a large amount of flammable vapor, increasing the risk of fire and explosion and volatile loss. During operation, more attention should be paid to controlling the pressure and ventilation in the tank.

94. 问：如果你发现一名船员违反了关键的安全程序（如在货油甲板使用手机），你会如何处理？

答：立即制止其行为；将其带离危险区域；对其进行严肃的批评教育，说明其行为的严重后果；将此事作为案例在安全会议上进行通报，教育全体船员；并根据公司规定考虑是否给予纪律处分。

Q: If you find a crew member violating key safety procedures (such as using a mobile phone on the cargo oil deck), how will you handle it?

A: Immediately stop the behavior; take him away from the dangerous area; give him a serious criticism and education, explaining the serious consequences of his behavior; report the incident as a case in the safety meeting to educate all crew members; and consider whether to give disciplinary action in accordance with company regulations.

95. 问：如何评估一项新工作的风险？

答：使用公司提供的风险评估表（Risk Assessment Form），逐步识别工作中的所有潜在危害（Hazard），评估其风险等级（Likelihood x Severity），然后制定相应的控制措施（Control Measures）来降低风险，最后将评估结果和措施传达给所有作业人员。

Q: How to assess the risk of a new job?

A: Use the Risk Assessment Form provided by the company to gradually identify all potential hazards in the work, assess its risk level (Likelihood x Seve

 

上篇：油船大副面试问题以及参考答案（精华篇上）：https://edu.greenblogs.cn/article/3560