最近收到许多兄弟私信让发一下二副面试问答，在远洋航运领域，二副作为船舶航行的重要成员，既要精准把控航行安全、熟练管理航海仪器，又要妥善应对各类突发状况，其专业能力直接关系到船舶、船员与货物的安全。因此，在二副面试中，能否清晰、专业地应答各类实操与理论问题，成为能否脱颖而出的关键。

  为帮助各位各位兄弟，我们精心整理了远洋二副面试问答（中英文对照）。内容聚焦二副核心工作范畴，涵盖航行值班与避让、海图与航海仪器管理等关键模块，既贴合国内面试场景，又满足国际航行对英文沟通能力的要求。无论是梳理专业知识体系，还是应对中英文双语面试，这份资料都能为你提供有力支撑，喜欢的兄弟请收藏吧！

一、航行值班与避让（10 条）

1.Q：二副在航行值班期间的主要职责是什么？

  A：主要职责包括保持正规了望、遵守《国际海上避碰规则》、监控航海仪器、定期记录船舶船位、向船长或值班负责人报告异常情况，以及确保值班团队工作顺畅。

Q：What are the main responsibilities of a second officer during the navigational watch?

A：The main responsibilities include maintaining a proper look-out, complying with the COLREGs, monitoring navigational equipment, recording the ship's position at regular intervals, reporting any abnormal situations to the master or officer in charge, and ensuring the watch team works smoothly.

2.Q：根据《国际海上避碰规则》，何时应采取避让行动以避免碰撞？

  A：应在有足够时间避免碰撞时采取避让行动，行动需果断、及时且对他船明显可见，同时应能消除或大幅降低碰撞危险，并符合《国际海上避碰规则》的相关条款。

 Q：When should you take avoiding action to prevent a collision in accordance with COLREGs?

 A：Avoiding action should be taken in sufficient time to avoid collision, be positive, made in ample time, and obvious to the other vessel. It should also be such that the collision risk is eliminated or significantly reduced, and comply with the relevant rules of COLREGs.

3.Q：保持正规了望时应考虑哪些因素？

  A：需考虑的因素包括能见度状况、交通密度、船舶速度与操纵性能、天气条件、昼夜时段（白天或夜间）、航行危险物的存在以及了望人员的能力。

 Q：What factors should you consider when maintaining a proper look-out?

 A：Factors include the state of visibility, traffic density, the ship's speed and maneuverability, weather conditions, time of day (day or night), the presence of navigational hazards, and the capabilities of the look-out personnel.

4.Q：在对遇局面中遇到显示定红光灯的船舶，应采取什么行动？

  A：根据《国际海上避碰规则》第 14 条对遇局面条款，两船均应向右转向，以便各自从对方左舷通过。我应立即将本船向右转向，并保持适当速度，同时密切关注他船动态。

  Q：If you encounter a vessel with a steady red light in a head-on situation, what action should you take?

  A：In a head-on situation as per COLREGs Rule 14, both vessels should alter course to starboard so that each may pass on the port side of the other. I should promptly alter my ship's course to starboard and maintain a proper speed, while keeping a close watch on the other vessel's move

5.Q：值班期间如何准确确定船舶船位？

  A：可通过多种方法准确确定船位，包括天文导航（太阳、星体）、电子导航（GPS、GNSS）、目视导航（陆标、航标）以及雷达。必须通过不同方法交叉核对船位以确保准确性，并及时将船位记录在航海日志中。

 Q：How do you determine the ship's position accurately during the watch?

 A：Accurate position determination can be done by using multiple methods, such as celestial navigation (sun, stars), electronic navigation (GPS, GNSS), visual navigation (landmarks, beacons), and radar. Cross-checking positions from different methods to ensure accuracy is essential, and positions should be recorded in the logbook promptly.

6.Q：值班期间 GPS 信号突然丢失该如何处理？

  A：首先立即通知船长或值班负责人，随后切换至备用导航方式，如使用其他全球导航卫星系统（如北斗、格洛纳斯）、雷达、目视观测（若在近岸水域）或天文导航。检查 GPS 设备是否存在故障（如天线问题、供电问题）并尝试修复，必要时降低船舶速度以确保安全，同时将该事件记录在航海日志中。

 Q：What should you do if the GPS signal is lost suddenly during the watch?

 A：First, immediately inform the master or officer in charge. Then, switch to alternative navigation methods such as using other GNSS systems (e.g., Beidou, GLONASS), radar, visual observations (if in coastal waters), or celestial navigation. Check the GPS equipment for faults (e.g., antenna issues, power supply) and try to restore it. Meanwhile, reduce the ship's speed if necessary to ensure safety, and record the incident in the logbook.

7.Q：在不同航行区域（如大洋、近岸水域），船位测定的频率要求是什么？

  A：在能见度良好、航行危险物较少的大洋水域，船位测定可每 1-2 小时进行一次；在近岸水域、狭水道或交通密集、危险物较多的区域，船位测定频率应更高，通常每 15-30 分钟一次，必要时（如抵港或在受限水域航行时）需更频繁，以确保船舶沿计划航线行驶。

 Q：What is the requirement for the frequency of position fixing in different navigational areas (e.g., open sea, coastal waters)?

 A：In open sea with good visibility and few navigational hazards, position fixing can be done every 1-2 hours. In coastal waters, narrow channels, or areas with dense traffic and many hazards, position fixing should be more frequent, usually every 15-30 minutes, or even more often if necessary (e.g., when approaching a port or navigating in restricted waters) to ensure the ship stays on the planned route.

8.Q：若他船未采取预期的避让行动，应如何处理？

 A：首先密切监控他船动态，确认其意图，随后根据《国际海上避碰规则》鸣放适当的声号以引起其注意（如五短声表示怀疑）。若碰撞危险仍持续，立即采取进一步避让行动，如再次转向或减速（必要时停车），同时立即通知船长，并将所有采取的行动记录在航海日志中。

 Q：How do you handle a situation where another vessel fails to take the expected avoiding action?

 A：First, closely monitor the other vessel's movement to confirm its intentions. Then, sound the appropriate whistle signals as per COLREGs to attract its attention (e.g., five short and rapid blasts to indicate doubt). If the collision risk persists, take further avoiding action promptly, such as altering course again or reducing speed (or stopping if necessary). Inform the master immediately and record all actions taken in the logbook.

9.Q：值班期间在雾中航行应采取哪些预防措施？

A：预防措施包括将船舶速度降至适合能见度条件的安全速度、增设了望人员（包括听觉了望）、开启雷达并调至合适量程、使用测深仪检查水深、按规则鸣放雾号、避免突然变向或变速、立即通知船长，以及为可能的紧急情况做好准备。

Q：What precautions should you take when navigating in foggy weather during your watch?

A：Precautions include reducing the ship's speed to a safe speed suitable for the visibility conditions, posting additional look-outs (including listening look-outs), activating the radar and keeping it on a suitable range, using the echo sounder to check the water depth, sounding fog signals as per COLREGs, avoiding sudden course or speed changes, informing the master immediately, and preparing for possible emergency situations.

10.Q：航行值班期间，你对值班团队成员负有哪些责任？

    A：责任包括为每位团队成员分配明确任务（如瞭望、雷达操作员）、确保他们熟悉自身职责及船舶航行状况、在需要时提供指导与支持、检查他们的警觉性（防止疲劳）、确保团队成员间沟通有效，以及在值班开始前进行交底，告知计划航线、潜在危险和特殊要求。

   Q：What is your responsibility for the watch team members during the navigational watch?

A：Responsibilities include assigning clear tasks to each team member (e.g., look-out, radar operator), ensuring they are familiar with their duties and the ship's navigational situation, providing guidance and support when needed, checking their alertness (preventing fatigue), ensuring effective communication among team members, and conducting briefings before the watch starts to inform them of the planned route, potential hazards, and special requirements.

 

二、海图与航海仪器管理（10 条）

1.Q：改正海图和航海出版物的关键步骤是什么？

  A：关键步骤包括定期接收《航海通告》（NTM）、查阅《航海通告》索引，确定与船上海图和出版物相关的改正内容、在海图（改正记录栏）和出版物上标注改正编号与日期、准确实施改正（如更新浮标位置、删除过时信息）、交叉核对确保无遗漏改正，以及将所有改正工作记录在船舶海图改正日志中。

 Q：What are the key steps for correcting nautical charts and publications?

 A：Key steps include receiving Notice to Mariners (NTM) regularly, checking the index of NTM to identify relevant corrections for the charts and publications on board, marking the correction number and date on the chart (in the correction log) and in the publication, applying the corrections accurately (e.g., updating positions of buoys, deleting obsolete information), cross-checking to ensure no corrections are missed, and recording all correction work in the ship's nautical chart correction log.

2.Q：如何确保电子海图（ECDIS）的准确性？

  A：确保 ECDIS 准确性，首先需及时通过最新《航海通告》或自动更新（若有）更新电子海图数据（ENC）；检查 ECDIS 设置（如安全水深、安全等深线），使其符合船舶吃水和航行要求；定期用纸质海图或其他导航方式（如 GPS 船位）核对 ECDIS 显示；检查 ECDIS 系统是否存在故障（如软件故障、硬件故障），并按制造商说明进行定期维护；同时确保 ECDIS 备用系统处于良好工作状态。

  Q：How do you ensure the accuracy of electronic charts (ECDIS)?

  A：To ensure ECDIS accuracy, first, update the electronic chart data (ENC) with the latest NTM or automatic updates (if available) in a timely manner. Check the ECDIS settings (e.g., safety depth, safety contour) to match the ship's draft and navigational requirements. Verify the ECDIS display with paper charts or other navigation methods (e.g., GPS position) regularly. Inspect the ECDIS system for faults (e.g., software glitches, hardware malfunctions) and perform regular maintenance as per the manufacturer's instructions. Also, ensure the ECDIS back-up system is in good working condition.

3.Q：若发现海图上存在错误或过时信息，应如何处理？

  A：首先在海图上清晰标注错误或过时信息（如附注释及日期），避免后续值班人员误用；随后立即向船长报告，并在航海日志和海图改正日志中详细记录错误内容、发现时间及标注情况；同时，通过船舶代理或公司海务部门向相关航海图书出版机构（如英国水文局、中国海事局）反馈该问题，以便后续更新修正；在此期间，若需在该海域航行，需提前制定备用航线，避开可能受错误信息影响的区域，并通过雷达、测深仪等设备加强监控。

  Q：What should you do if you find an error or outdated information on a nautical chart?

  A：First, mark the error or outdated information clearly on the chart (e.g., with a note and date) to prevent misuse by subsequent watchkeepers. Then, immediately report to the master and record the details of the error, discovery time, and marking status in the logbook and nautical chart correction log. Meanwhile, feedback the issue to the relevant nautical chart publishing authority (e.g., UK Hydrographic Office, China MSA) through the ship's agent or the company's maritime department for subsequent updates and corrections. During this period, if navigation in the area is required, a backup route should be formulated in advance to avoid areas potentially affected by the wrong information, and monitoring should be strengthened using equipment such as radar and echo sounder.

4.Q：日常管理中，如何维护雷达设备以确保其正常运行？

  A：日常维护需遵循 “定期检查 + 及时保养” 原则：每日值班前检查雷达电源、天线及显示屏状态，确认开机后无报错信息，量程切换、增益调节等功能正常；每周进行一次性能测试，包括校准雷达方位和距离精度（可通过陆标或已知航标比对）、检查抗干扰功能（如海浪抑制、雨雪抑制）是否有效；每月清洁雷达天线罩内部灰尘，检查天线连接线路是否松动、老化；按设备说明书要求，每季度更换雷达散热风扇滤网，每年配合机务部门进行全面拆机检修；所有维护工作需详细记录在《航海仪器维护日志》中，发现故障及时报修，同时启用备用雷达确保航行安全。

  Q：In daily management, how do you maintain radar equipment to ensure its normal operation?

  A：Daily maintenance should follow the principle of "regular inspection + timely maintenance": check the radar power supply, antenna, and display status before each watch, confirm no error messages after startup, and ensure functions such as range switching and gain adjustment are normal; conduct a performance test once a week, including calibrating radar azimuth and distance accuracy (by comparing with landmarks or known beacons) and checking whether anti-interference functions (e.g., sea clutter suppression, rain clutter suppression) are effective; clean the dust inside the radar antenna 罩 (radome) monthly and check whether the antenna connection lines are loose or aging; replace the radar cooling fan filter every quarter as required by the equipment manual, and cooperate with the engineering department for a comprehensive disassembly and overhaul every year; all maintenance work should be recorded in detail in the "Navigational Equipment Maintenance Log", and if faults are found, report for repair promptly while activating the backup radar to ensure navigation safety.

5.Q：使用测深仪时，如何判断其显示数据的准确性？若数据异常该如何处理？

  A：判断测深仪数据准确性的方法包括：与海图中标注的水深进行比对（尤其在近岸、浅水区），确认误差在允许范围内（通常 ±0.5 米或 1% 水深，以较大者为准）；观察数据变化趋势，若船舶在均匀水深区域航行，测深仪显示应稳定，无大幅波动；切换测深仪量程（如从 “0-50 米” 切换至 “0-100 米”），检查数据是否一致。若发现数据异常（如显示 “0”“无穷大” 或波动剧烈），首先检查测深仪探头是否被海生物附着（可通知甲板部清洁）、电源是否稳定；其次重启设备，观察数据是否恢复正常；若仍异常，立即启用备用测深仪，并向船长报告，同时在航海日志中记录异常情况及处理措施；若备用设备也故障，需通过减速、勤测船位，结合海图水深规划航线，确保远离浅滩危险。

 Q：When using an echo sounder, how do you judge the accuracy of its displayed data? What should you do if the data is abnormal?

 A：Methods to judge the accuracy of echo sounder data include: comparing with the water depth marked on the nautical chart (especially in coastal and shallow waters) to confirm the error is within the allowable range (usually ±0.5 meters or 1% of the water depth, whichever is larger); observing the data change trend—if the ship is sailing in an area with uniform water depth, the echo sounder display should be stable without large fluctuations; switching the echo sounder range (e.g., from "0-50m" to "0-100m") to check if the data is consistent. If abnormal data is found (e.g., displaying "0", "infinity", or severe fluctuations), first check if the echo sounder transducer is covered with marine organisms (notify the deck department for cleaning) and if the power supply is stable; then restart the equipment to see if the data returns to normal; if it remains abnormal, immediately activate the backup echo sounder, report to the master, and record the abnormal situation and handling measures in the logbook; if the backup equipment also fails, reduce speed, take frequent position fixes, and plan the route based on the charted water depth to ensure away from shoal hazards.

6.Q：二副负责管理的航海出版物主要有哪些？日常如何确保这些出版物的有效性？

  A：二副负责管理的核心航海出版物包括：《国际海上避碰规则》（COLREGs）、《航海通告》（NTM）、《世界大洋航路》、《灯标和雾号表》、《潮汐表》、《航海天文历》、《无线电信号表》（第 1-6 卷）等。确保有效性的措施包括：建立出版物台账，记录每本出版物的版本号、生效日期及更新情况；定期接收最新《航海通告》，及时对需改正的出版物（如《灯标和雾号表》）进行手工改正或更换插页；每年核对出版物有效期，对过期版本及时申请更新（如《潮汐表》每年更新一次）；在开航前，根据航线覆盖区域，补充该区域专用出版物（如某海域的《港口指南》），并检查是否存在临时通告（TEMPO）或预告（PRELIM）需补充；所有更新、改正记录需同步至台账，确保可追溯。

  Q：What are the main nautical publications managed by the second officer? How to ensure the validity of these publications in daily work?

  A：The core nautical publications managed by the second officer include: International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs), Notice to Mariners (NTM), World Ocean Passages, List of Lights and Fog Signals, Tide Tables, Nautical Almanac, and Admiralty List of Radio Signals (Volumes 1-6). Measures to ensure validity include: establishing a publication ledger to record the version number, effective date, and update status of each publication; receiving the latest NTM regularly and promptly making manual corrections or replacing inserts for publications that need correction (e.g., List of Lights and Fog Signals); checking the validity of publications annually and applying for updates for expired versions in a timely manner (e.g., Tide Tables are updated annually); before departure, supplementing special publications for the route coverage area (e.g., Port Handbook for a certain sea area) and checking if there are temporary notices (TEMPO) or preliminaries (PRELIM) to be supplemented; all update and correction records should be synchronized to the ledger to ensure traceability.

7.Q：电子海图（ECDIS）出现 “数据不可用” 报警时，应如何处理？

  A：首先查看报警详情，判断是局部区域数据缺失还是整体系统数据故障：若为局部区域（如某段狭水道）数据不可用，立即切换至备用电子海图（如另一品牌 ECDIS 或便携式电子海图设备），同时调取对应纸质海图作为补充，确保该区域航行有可靠参考；若为整体系统数据故障，立即关闭故障 ECDIS，启用备用系统，若备用系统也无法正常使用，需全面切换至纸质海图导航，同时通知船长和机务部门，尝试通过重启系统、重新导入备份的 ENC 数据修复故障；在此过程中，需降低船舶速度，加强了望和船位测定频率，并在航海日志中详细记录报警时间、故障现象、处理步骤及恢复情况；故障排除后，需验证 ECDIS 数据完整性，确认无误后方可恢复正常使用。

 Q：What should you do when the Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) triggers a "data unavailable" alarm?

 A：First, check the alarm details to determine whether it is local area data loss or overall system data failure: if data is unavailable in a local area (e.g., a section of narrow channel), immediately switch to the backup ECDIS (e.g., another brand of ECDIS or portable electronic chart equipment), and at the same time retrieve the corresponding paper chart as a supplement to ensure reliable reference for navigation in the area; if it is an overall system data failure, immediately shut down the faulty ECDIS and activate the backup system; if the backup system also fails to work normally, switch to paper chart navigation comprehensively, and notify the master and engineering department to try to repair the fault by restarting the system or reimporting the backed-up ENC data; during this process, reduce the ship's speed, strengthen the look-out and position fixing frequency, and record the alarm time, fault phenomenon, handling steps, and recovery status in detail in the logbook; after troubleshooting, verify the integrity of ECDIS data and confirm it is correct before resuming normal use.

8.Q：二副在开航前需对海图进行哪些准备工作？

  A：开航前海图准备需覆盖 “完整性、准确性、适用性” 三个维度：首先，根据拟定航线，调取全程所需海图（包括大洋图、近岸图、港口图），检查海图是否为最新版，改正是否更新至最新《航海通告》（无遗漏、无错改）；其次，在海图上标绘计划航线：用铅笔轻绘航线走向，标注转向点（Waypoint）编号、经纬度及转向角度，在危险区域（如禁航区、浅滩）旁标注安全距离要求，在狭水道、分道通航区标注相关规则（如通航分道方向）；然后，检查海图配套资料：如该海域的《航路指南》《灯标表》是否齐全，重点标注航线附近的重要航标（如灯塔、浮标）、避险参考物（如岛屿、沉船）；最后，将航线数据录入 ECDIS 系统，与纸质海图航线进行交叉核对，确保转向点坐标、航线长度等数据一致，同时设置 ECDIS 安全参数（安全水深、安全等深线），并进行航线预演，排查可能存在的航线偏离或危险点。

 Q：What preparations should the second officer make for nautical charts before departure?

 A：Chart preparation before departure should cover three dimensions: "integrity, accuracy, and applicability": first, according to the planned route, retrieve the charts required for the entire journey (including ocean charts, coastal charts, and port charts), check if the charts are the latest version, and if corrections are updated to the latest NTM (no omissions, no wrong corrections); second, plot the planned route on the chart: lightly draw the route direction with a pencil, mark the waypoint number, latitude and longitude, and turning angle, mark the safe distance requirements next to dangerous areas (e.g., prohibited areas, shoals), and mark relevant rules (e.g., direction of traffic separation lanes) in narrow channels and traffic separation schemes; then, check the supporting chart materials: such as whether the Sailing Directions and List of Lights for the sea area are complete, and focus on marking important navigational aids (e.g., lighthouses, buoys) and collision avoidance references (e.g., islands, wrecks) near the route; finally, enter the route data into the ECDIS system, cross-check with the paper chart route to ensure consistency in data such as waypoint coordinates and route length, set ECDIS safety parameters (safety depth, safety contour) at the same time, and conduct a route preview to check for possible route deviations or danger points.

9.Q：如何对航海日志中的船位记录进行规范管理？

  A：航海日志船位记录需遵循 “及时、准确、清晰、可追溯” 原则：首先，按航行区域要求记录船位（大洋每 1-2 小时一次，近岸每 15-30 分钟一次），特殊情况（如避让船舶、过航标）需额外记录船位，每次记录需标注时间（UTC 时间）、船位测定方法（如 “GPS”“雷达 + 陆标”“天文”）及坐标（经纬度精确至分，必要时精确至秒）；其次，记录内容需清晰：用蓝黑墨水笔书写，字迹工整，若需修改，需在错误处划横线（保留原内容），在旁边标注正确信息及修改人签名、修改时间，严禁涂改或撕页；然后，每日值班结束后，二副需核对本班船位记录，确认无遗漏、无错误，与 ECDIS 船位记录、GPS 打印记录进行比对，确保数据一致；最后，航海日志需按规定存放（干燥、避光处），每月进行一次汇总检查，确保记录连续性，船舶抵港后需按港口国检查要求，随时准备提供日志供查验，同时定期备份电子航海日志数据（若有），防止数据丢失。

 Q：How to standardize the management of position records in the logbook?

 A：Position records in the logbook should follow the principles of "timeliness, accuracy, clarity, and traceability": first, record positions according to the requirements of the navigation area (once every 1-2 hours in open sea, once every 15-30 minutes in coastal waters), and record additional positions in special cases (e.g., avoiding vessels, passing navigational aids); each record should include the time (UTC time), position determination method (e.g., "GPS", "Radar + Landmark", "Celestial") and coordinates (latitude and longitude accurate to minutes, and seconds if necessary); second, the recorded content should be clear: write with blue-black ink, with neat handwriting; if modifications are needed, draw a horizontal line through the error (retaining the original content), mark the correct information, modifier's signature, and modification time next to it; altering or tearing pages is strictly prohibited; then, after the end of each daily watch, the second officer should check the position records of the watch, confirm no omissions or errors, and compare with the ECDIS position records and GPS print records to ensure data consistency; finally, the logbook should be stored as required (in a dry, light-proof place), and a comprehensive check should be conducted once a month to ensure record continuity; after the ship arrives at the port, the logbook should be ready for inspection by the port state control as required, and at the same time, back up the electronic logbook data (if available) regularly to prevent data loss.

10.Q：当发现航海仪器（如雷达、测深仪）同时出现故障时，应采取哪些应急措施？

    A：首先立即向船长报告，同时启动 “航海仪器多重故障应急方案”：第一步，确认备用仪器状态，优先启用备用雷达、备用测深仪，若备用仪器正常，立即将其接入值班导航系统，确保基本导航功能恢复；若备用仪器也故障，立即切换至 “传统导航模式”，启用纸质海图、六分仪（进行天文导航）、磁罗经（替代电罗经），同时安排额外了望人员（加强目视、听觉了望）；第二步，调整航行状态：大幅降低船舶速度（降至安全航速，确保有足够时间应对突发情况），若处于近岸、狭水道等危险区域，可选择就近安全水域锚泊，待仪器修复后再继续航行；第三步，组织故障排查：配合机务部门检查仪器故障原因（如是否为共同电源故障、线路短路），优先解决共性问题（如修复总电源）；第四步，记录与报备：在航海日志、《航海仪器故障记录簿》中详细记录故障时间、故障仪器、应急措施及恢复情况，同时通过公司海务部门向船级社或相关机构报备，必要时申请技术支援；整个过程中，需保持与周边船舶的 VHF 通信，主动通报本船故障情况及航行意图，避免碰撞风险。

  Q：What emergency measures should be taken when multiple navigational instruments (e.g., radar, echo sounder) fail at the same time?

  A：First, immediately report to the master and activate the "Emergency Plan for Multiple Navigational Instrument Failures": Step 1, confirm the status of backup instruments, give priority to activating the backup radar and backup echo sounder; if the backup instruments are normal, connect them to the watch navigation system immediately to restore basic navigation functions; if the backup instruments also fail, switch to the "traditional navigation mode" immediately, activate paper charts, sextant (for celestial navigation), and magnetic compass (replacing the gyrocompass), and arrange additional look-out personnel (strengthening visual and auditory look-out) at the same time; Step 2, adjust the navigation status: significantly reduce the ship's speed (to a safe speed to ensure sufficient time to respond to emergencies); if in a dangerous area such as coastal waters or narrow channels, choose to anchor in a nearby safe water area and continue navigation after the instruments are repaired; Step 3, organize fault investigation: cooperate with the engineering department to check the cause of the instrument failure (e.g., whether it is a common power failure or line short circuit), and prioritize solving common problems (e.g., repairing the main power supply); Step 4, recording and reporting: record the failure time, failed instruments, emergency measures, and recovery status in detail in the logbook and "Navigational Instrument Failure Record Book", and report to the classification society or relevant institutions through the company's maritime department at the same time, applying for technical support if necessary; during the entire process, maintain VHF communication with surrounding vessels, proactively inform them of the ship's failure status and navigation intentions to avoid collision risks.