在航运领域，三副是船舶航行的重要协作力量，既要协助把控航行安全、熟练操作维护航海仪器，又要积极参与突发状况应对，其专业能力直接关系到船舶、船员与货物的安全保障。因此，在三副面试中，能否清晰、专业地应答各类实操与理论问题，成为脱颖而出的关键。为帮各位兄弟做好准备，我们精心整理了远洋三副面试问答（中英文对照）。内容聚焦三副核心工作范畴，涵盖航行值班配合、避碰规则应用、救生消防设备维护等关键模块，既贴合国内面试场景，又满足国际航行对英文沟通能力的要求。无论是梳理专业知识体系，还是应对中英文双语面试，这份资料都能提供有力支撑，建议有需要的兄弟收藏备用！

1.Q：航行值班时，若雷达显示近距离有不明目标且未收到 AIS 信号，你会如何处理？

A：首先立即加强瞭望，通过望远镜观察目标外观、航向和航速，同时调整雷达量程和增益，确认目标是否为船舶、浮标或碍航物。随后向船长或值班驾驶员报告，按避碰规则确定是否存在碰撞危险，若有危险，及时建议采取减速、改向等避让措施，并持续跟踪目标动态，记录相关信息至航行日志。

Q：During the navigation watch, if the radar shows an unknown target at close range and no AIS signal is received, how will you handle it?

A：First, immediately strengthen the lookout, observe the target's appearance, course and speed through binoculars, and adjust the radar range and gain to confirm whether the target is a ship, buoy or navigational obstacle. Then report to the captain or the officer on watch, determine whether there is a collision risk in accordance with the Collision Regulations. If there is a risk, promptly suggest taking evasive measures such as decelerating and changing course, continuously track the target's dynamics, and record relevant information in the navigation log.

2.Q：夜间航行值班时，如何避免因疲劳导致瞭望疏忽？

A：提前调整作息，确保值班前有充足睡眠；值班期间定时进行甲板巡视，活动身体保持清醒；合理安排工作节奏，避免长时间专注单一设备导致视觉疲劳；若感到疲劳，立即向船长或值班驾驶员申请临时替换，绝不勉强坚持，同时可适当饮用无刺激性饮品保持清醒。

Q：During night navigation watch, how to avoid lookout negligence caused by fatigue?

A：Adjust the work and rest schedule in advance to ensure sufficient sleep before the watch; conduct regular deck patrols during the watch to move the body and stay awake; arrange the work rhythm reasonably to avoid visual fatigue caused by focusing on a single device for a long time; if feeling fatigued, immediately apply to the captain or the officer on watch for temporary replacement, never insist reluctantly, and at the same time, can properly drink non-irritating drinks to stay awake.

3.Q：当航行中遇到突发浓雾，能见度急剧下降至 1 海里以下，你应采取哪些措施？

A：立即按响雾号，严格按照避碰规则规定的雾中行动要求操作；通知机舱备车，建议船长减速或停船，必要时抛锚待雾散；开启雷达并将量程调至合适范围，加强对周围目标的探测；关闭驾驶台不必要的灯光，防止灯光反射影响瞭望；保持 VHF 守听，与附近船舶沟通航行意图，同时持续记录雾情、船位、航速等信息至航行日志。

Q：When encountering sudden dense fog during navigation and the visibility drops sharply to less than 1 nautical mile, what measures should you take?

A：Immediately sound the fog signal and operate in strict accordance with the fog action requirements specified in the Collision Regulations; notify the engine room to stand by the engine, suggest the captain to decelerate or stop the ship, and anchor to wait for the fog to disperse if necessary; turn on the radar and adjust the range to an appropriate range to strengthen the detection of surrounding targets; turn off unnecessary lights on the bridge to prevent light reflection from affecting the lookout; maintain VHF listening, communicate the navigation intention with nearby ships, and continuously record fog conditions, ship position, speed and other information in the navigation log.

4.Q：航行值班中，发现 GPS 信号突然丢失，你会如何应对？

A：首先切换至备用 GPS 设备，若备用设备正常，持续监控船位；若备用设备也无信号，立即使用电子海图结合测深仪、磁罗经等设备进行船位推算，确保船位准确性；向船长报告 GPS 故障情况，通知无线电员检查设备故障原因；同时加强瞭望，密切关注周围船舶和碍航物，必要时减速航行，待 GPS 信号恢复或故障排除后，核对推算船位与实际船位差异，并记录相关情况。

Q：During the navigation watch, if the GPS signal is suddenly lost, how will you respond?

A：First, switch to the backup GPS device. If the backup device is normal, continuously monitor the ship position; if the backup device also has no signal, immediately use the electronic chart combined with the depth sounder, magnetic compass and other devices to calculate the ship position to ensure the accuracy of the ship position; report the GPS failure to the captain and notify the radio operator to check the cause of the equipment failure; at the same time, strengthen the lookout, closely monitor surrounding ships and navigational obstacles, and decelerate if necessary. After the GPS signal is restored or the fault is eliminated, check the difference between the calculated ship position and the actual ship position, and record the relevant situation.

5.Q：在狭水道航行值班时，除常规瞭望外，还需重点关注哪些内容？

A：重点关注航道宽度、水深变化，根据电子海图和测深仪数据及时调整航向，避免搁浅；留意航道内的浮标、灯标等助航标志，确认其位置和状态是否正常；与前方船舶保持安全距离，通过 VHF 了解前方船舶动态，避免追越危险；关注岸边障碍物和渔网等，防止船舶触碰；同时保持与机舱的频繁沟通，确保主机、舵机处于良好状态，随时应对突发情况。

Q：During the navigation watch in narrow waterways, what other contents need to be focused on besides regular lookout?

A：Focus on the width of the waterway and changes in water depth, adjust the course in a timely manner according to the electronic chart and depth sounder data to avoid grounding; pay attention to navigational aids such as buoys and beacons in the waterway to confirm whether their positions and status are normal; maintain a safe distance from the ship ahead, understand the dynamics of the ship ahead through VHF to avoid overtaking risks; pay attention to shore obstacles and fishing nets to prevent the ship from touching; at the same time, maintain frequent communication with the engine room to ensure that the main engine and steering gear are in good condition and respond to emergencies at any time.

6.Q：航行值班时，如何正确记录航行日志？有哪些关键信息不可遗漏？

A：记录需及时、准确、清晰，使用规范术语，不涂改，若有错漏需划改并签名注明。关键信息包括：每小时船位（经纬度）、航向、航速；水文气象数据（风向、风速、能见度、海浪、水温）；船舶重要操作（转向、变速、备车、抛锚、起锚）；设备故障及处理情况；周围船舶动态及避让行动；港口、引航员相关信息（引航员登离船时间、港口进出时间）；以及其他影响航行安全的特殊情况。

Q：During the navigation watch, how to correctly record the navigation log? What key information cannot be omitted?

A：Records should be timely, accurate and clear, using standard terms without alterations. If there are errors or omissions, they should be crossed out, corrected, signed and noted. Key information includes: hourly ship position (latitude and longitude), course, speed; hydrometeorological data (wind direction, wind speed, visibility, waves, water temperature); important ship operations (course change, speed change, engine standby, anchoring, weighing anchor); equipment failures and handling; dynamics of surrounding ships and evasive actions; port and pilot-related information (pilot boarding and disembarking time, port entry and exit time); and other special circumstances affecting navigation safety.

7.Q：当值班期间接到机舱通知主机需临时检修，需船舶减速至 5 节，你应如何配合？

A：立即向船长报告机舱检修需求及减速要求；通过 VHF 向附近船舶通报本船减速意图，提醒周围船舶注意；调整雷达量程，加强瞭望，密切关注周围船舶动态，防止因减速导致碰撞风险；在航行日志中记录减速时间、原因及机舱检修通知情况；持续与机舱保持沟通，了解检修进度，待检修完成后，根据机舱通知逐步恢复航速，并再次确认周围船舶动态，确保航行安全。

Q：During the watch, when receiving a notice from the engine room that the main engine needs temporary maintenance and the ship needs to slow down to 5 knots, how should you cooperate?

A：Immediately report the engine room maintenance needs and deceleration requirements to the captain; notify nearby ships of the ship's deceleration intention through VHF and remind surrounding ships to pay attention; adjust the radar range, strengthen the lookout, closely monitor the dynamics of surrounding ships to prevent collision risks caused by deceleration; record the deceleration time, reason and engine room maintenance notice in the navigation log; maintain continuous communication with the engine room to understand the maintenance progress. After the maintenance is completed, gradually restore the speed according to the engine room notice, and confirm the dynamics of surrounding ships again to ensure navigation safety.

8.Q：在分道通航水域航行值班时，需遵守哪些特殊规则？

A：严格在规定的通航分道内航行，不随意偏离；按照分道通航制规定的航向行驶，避免逆向航行；与同方向船舶保持安全距离，避免在分道内追越，若需追越需确认安全且符合规则要求；注意分道通航水域的分隔线或分隔带，不随意穿越；关注分道内的交通流情况，通过 VHF 加强与其他船舶的沟通；若因特殊情况需偏离分道，需提前评估风险，向船长报告并记录在航行日志中。

Q：When navigating in traffic separation schemes during the watch, what special rules need to be followed?

A：Strictly navigate within the specified traffic lane and do not deviate at will; sail in accordance with the course specified by the traffic separation scheme to avoid reverse navigation; maintain a safe distance from ships in the same direction, avoid overtaking in the lane, and if overtaking is necessary, confirm safety and comply with the rules; pay attention to the separation lines or separation zones in the traffic separation scheme and do not cross at will; pay attention to the traffic flow in the lane and strengthen communication with other ships through VHF; if it is necessary to deviate from the lane due to special circumstances, evaluate the risk in advance, report to the captain and record it in the navigation log.

9.Q：值班时发现附近船舶未遵守避碰规则，有碰撞危险，你会怎么做？

A：立即用 VHF 呼叫该船舶，明确告知本船船位、航向、航速及碰撞危险，要求其采取避让行动；同时向船长或值班驾驶员报告，建议本船做好避让准备；持续观察该船舶动态，若其无避让行动，根据避碰规则采取适合当时环境和情况的避让措施，如减速、改向等；记录该船舶的船名、船位、行动情况及本船应对措施至航行日志；若情况紧急，可按规定发出遇险信号。

Q：During the watch, if you find that a nearby ship does not comply with the Collision Regulations and there is a collision risk, what will you do?

A：Immediately call the ship via VHF, clearly inform the ship of its own position, course, speed and collision risk, and require it to take evasive actions; at the same time, report to the captain or the officer on watch and suggest that the ship be prepared for evasion; continuously observe the dynamics of the ship. If it takes no evasive action, take evasive measures suitable for the current environment and situation according to the Collision Regulations, such as decelerating and changing course; record the ship's name, position, actions and the ship's response measures in the navigation log; in case of emergency, distress signals can be sent in accordance with regulations.

10.Q：航行值班交接时，需向接班人员重点交接哪些内容？

A：交接当前船位、航向、航速及未来航线计划；周围船舶动态及已采取或需继续关注的避让措施；水文气象情况（能见度、风向、风速、海浪等）及变化趋势；航行设备（雷达、GPS、电子海图等）的运行状态，有无故障或异常；港口、引航员相关信息（如预计到港时间、引航员登船地点）；以及其他影响航行安全的特殊情况，确保接班人员全面了解值班情况后再完成交接。

Q：When handing over the navigation watch, what key contents need to be handed over to the relieving officer?

A：Hand over the current ship position, course, speed and future route plan; the dynamics of surrounding ships and the evasive measures that have been taken or need to be continued to pay attention to; hydrometeorological conditions (visibility, wind direction, wind speed, waves, etc.) and their changing trends; the operation status of navigation equipment (radar, GPS, electronic chart, etc.), whether there are failures or abnormalities; port and pilot-related information (such as estimated arrival time, pilot boarding location); and other special circumstances affecting navigation safety, ensuring that the relieving officer fully understands the watch situation before completing the handover.

1.Q：日常检查救生艇时，发现艇内急救箱药品过期，你应如何处理？

A：立即在救生设备检查记录簿中记录药品过期情况，标注过期药品名称和数量；将过期药品单独存放并做好标识，避免与其他药品混淆；及时向大副汇报，申请补充新的急救药品，确保补充的药品种类、数量符合救生艇急救箱配置要求；待新药品到货后，按规定更换过期药品，更新急救箱内药品清单，并在记录簿中记录更换时间和情况，同时检查急救箱其他物品（如绷带、消毒用品）是否完好可用。

Q：During the daily inspection of the lifeboat, if you find that the medicines in the first-aid kit are expired, how will you handle it?

A：Immediately record the expiration of medicines in the life-saving equipment inspection record book, marking the name and quantity of expired medicines; store the expired medicines separately and mark them well to avoid confusion with other medicines; report to the chief mate in a timely manner and apply for supplementary new first-aid medicines to ensure that the type and quantity of supplementary medicines meet the configuration requirements of the lifeboat first-aid kit; after the new medicines arrive, replace the expired medicines in accordance with regulations, update the medicine list in the first-aid kit, record the replacement time and situation in the record book, and at the same time check whether other items in the first-aid kit (such as bandages, disinfection supplies) are in good condition and usable.

2.Q：每月检查消防栓时，发现某消防栓出水压力不足，可能的原因有哪些？如何处理？

A：可能原因包括：消防泵压力不足；消防水管堵塞或泄漏；消防栓阀门故障无法完全打开；消防水带破损。处理步骤：先检查消防泵运行状态，若泵压不足，通知机舱检修消防泵；若泵压正常，检查消防水管是否有泄漏点，必要时拆解消防栓检查阀门是否卡阻，同时检查连接的消防水带是否有破损；针对故障原因进行维修或更换部件，如清理堵塞水管、更换故障阀门或破损水带；修复后重新测试消防栓出水压力，确保达到规定标准，并记录检查和维修情况。

Q：During the monthly inspection of fire hydrants, if you find that the water outlet pressure of a certain fire hydrant is insufficient, what are the possible reasons? How to handle it?

A：Possible reasons include: insufficient pressure of the fire pump; blockage or leakage of the fire water pipe; failure of the fire hydrant valve to open completely; damage to the fire hose. Handling steps: first check the operation status of the fire pump. If the pump pressure is insufficient, notify the engine room to overhaul the fire pump; if the pump pressure is normal, check whether there is a leak in the fire water pipe, and if necessary, disassemble the fire hydrant to check whether the valve is stuck, and at the same time check whether the connected fire hose is damaged; repair or replace parts according to the cause of the fault, such as cleaning the blocked water pipe, replacing the faulty valve or damaged hose; re-test the water outlet pressure of the fire hydrant after repair to ensure it meets the specified standards, and record the inspection and maintenance situation.

3.Q：救生筏的日常检查中，除外观和释放装置外，还需检查哪些关键部件？

A：需检查救生筏的静水压力释放器，确认其铅封完好、有效期在规定范围内，确保遇水后能正常释放；检查救生筏的充气系统，包括充气瓶压力是否在正常范围、充气导管是否完好无破损；检查救生筏内的属具，如救生衣、淡水、压缩饼干、信号设备（火箭降落伞信号、手持火焰信号）等是否齐全且在有效期内；检查救生筏的存放环境，确保存放位置干燥、通风，无重物挤压，且周围无易燃物品，同时确认救生筏的标识清晰，便于紧急情况下快速识别。

Q：In the daily inspection of life rafts, besides the appearance and release device, what other key components need to be inspected?

A：It is necessary to check the hydrostatic release unit of the life raft, confirm that its lead seal is intact and its validity period is within the specified range to ensure it can be released normally when in contact with water; check the inflation system of the life raft, including whether the pressure of the inflation cylinder is within the normal range and whether the inflation pipe is intact and undamaged; check the accessories inside the life raft, such as life jackets, fresh water, compressed biscuits, signal equipment (rocket parachute signals, hand-held flame signals), etc., to ensure they are complete and within the validity period; check the storage environment of the life raft, ensure the storage location is dry and ventilated, free from heavy object extrusion, and there are no flammable items around. At the same time, confirm that the identification of the life raft is clear for quick identification in emergency situations.

4.Q：定期测试火灾报警系统时，发现某区域烟雾探测器无响应，应采取哪些排查和处理措施？

A：首先断开该探测器电源，检查探测器与报警主机的线路连接是否松动或破损，若线路故障，重新连接或更换线路；若线路正常，清洁探测器感应部件的灰尘和污渍，避免因污物遮挡导致无响应；清洁后重新通电测试，若仍无响应，更换同型号备用探测器并再次测试；记录故障探测器的位置、故障原因及处理过程，向大副汇报处理结果，同时将故障探测器送修或报废，确保火灾报警系统所有探测器均处于正常工作状态。

Q：During the regular test of the fire alarm system, if a smoke detector in a certain area has no response, what troubleshooting and handling measures should be taken?

A：First, disconnect the power supply of the detector, check whether the line connection between the detector and the alarm host is loose or damaged. If there is a line fault, reconnect or replace the line; if the line is normal, clean the dust and dirt on the sensing part of the detector to avoid no response due to blockage by dirt; re-power on and test after cleaning. If there is still no response, replace it with a spare detector of the same model and test again; record the location of the faulty detector, the cause of the fault and the handling process, report the handling result to the chief mate, and send the faulty detector for repair or scrap at the same time to ensure all detectors of the fire alarm system are in normal working condition.

5.Q：救生衣日常检查中，发现部分救生衣的反光带出现脱落，应如何处理？

A：立即将反光带脱落的救生衣单独存放，并在救生设备检查记录簿中标注数量和位置；准备符合规范的救生衣专用反光带及粘贴工具，按照救生衣使用说明，将新反光带准确粘贴在规定位置，确保粘贴牢固、无褶皱；粘贴完成后，检查反光带的反光效果是否符合要求，确保在低能见度环境下能清晰识别；将修复后的救生衣归位存放，同时补充备用反光带，避免后续出现同类问题时无备件可用，最后记录修复情况并向大副报备。

Q：During the daily inspection of life jackets, if the reflective tapes of some life jackets fall off, how to handle it?

A：Immediately store the life jackets with fallen reflective tapes separately, and mark the quantity and location in the life-saving equipment inspection record book; prepare standard-specific reflective tapes for life jackets and pasting tools, and accurately paste the new reflective tapes on the specified positions according to the life jacket instructions to ensure firm pasting and no wrinkles; after pasting, check whether the reflective effect of the reflective tapes meets the requirements to ensure clear identification in low-visibility environments; put the repaired life jackets back in place for storage, and supplement spare reflective tapes at the same time to avoid lack of spare parts when similar problems occur later. Finally, record the repair situation and report to the chief mate.

6.Q：每季度检查消防二氧化碳系统时，需重点确认哪些参数和部件状态？

A：重点确认二氧化碳气瓶的压力是否在规定范围，通过压力表读数判断，若压力不足需及时补充或更换气瓶；检查气瓶的铅封是否完好，确认无擅自开启或使用记录；检查系统的管路连接是否严密，有无泄漏痕迹，可通过肥皂水涂抹接口处观察是否产生气泡判断；检查释放阀、选择阀的操作手柄是否灵活，有无卡阻现象，确保紧急情况下能顺利操作；检查系统的报警装置是否正常，触发测试按钮后，确认声光报警能正常启动，同时记录所有检查数据和部件状态，确保系统符合消防规范要求。

Q：During the quarterly inspection of the fire-fighting carbon dioxide system, what parameters and component status need to be focused on confirming?

A：Focus on confirming whether the pressure of the carbon dioxide cylinder is within the specified range, judged by the pressure gauge reading. If the pressure is insufficient, the cylinder needs to be replenished or replaced in a timely manner; check whether the lead seal of the cylinder is intact and confirm there is no record of unauthorized opening or use; check whether the pipeline connection of the system is tight and whether there are leakage traces, which can be judged by applying soapy water to the interface to observe whether bubbles are generated; check whether the operating handles of the release valve and selector valve are flexible and whether there is jamming to ensure smooth operation in emergency situations; check whether the alarm device of the system is normal. After triggering the test button, confirm that the sound and light alarm can be started normally, and record all inspection data and component status at the same time to ensure the system meets the fire protection specification requirements.

7.Q：救生艇发动机的月度启动测试中，若发动机无法启动，应如何排查故障？

A：首先检查发动机燃油箱油量是否充足，燃油管路有无堵塞或泄漏，若油量不足及时补充燃油，若管路堵塞则清理管路；其次检查启动电池电量，通过电压表测量，若电量不足需充电或更换电池；然后检查火花塞（汽油发动机）或喷油嘴（柴油发动机）是否积碳或损坏，必要时进行清洁或更换；检查发动机空气滤清器是否堵塞，清理或更换滤芯；若上述排查均无问题，检查发动机传动部件是否正常，如启动马达是否故障，必要时联系专业人员维修；记录故障排查过程和结果，确保发动机修复后重新测试启动，直至正常运行。

Q：During the monthly start-up test of the lifeboat engine, if the engine fails to start, how to troubleshoot the fault?

A：First, check whether the fuel tank capacity of the engine is sufficient and whether the fuel pipeline is blocked or leaking. If the fuel is insufficient, replenish the fuel in a timely manner; if the pipeline is blocked, clean the pipeline; second, check the start-up battery power, measured by a voltmeter. If the power is insufficient, charge or replace the battery; then check whether the spark plug (gasoline engine) or fuel injector (diesel engine) is carbonized or damaged, and clean or replace it if necessary; check whether the engine air filter is blocked, clean or replace the filter element; if there is no problem in the above troubleshooting, check whether the engine transmission components are normal, such as whether the starter motor is faulty, and contact professional personnel for maintenance if necessary; record the fault troubleshooting process and results, and ensure the engine is re-tested for start-up after repair until it operates normally.

8.Q：消防水带的日常维护中，发现部分水带出现老化开裂，应采取哪些处理措施？

A：立即将老化开裂的消防水带从消防栓旁移除，单独存放并做好 “禁用” 标识，防止误用；检查所有消防水带的库存数量，统计需更换的水带规格和数量，向大副申请采购符合消防标准的新水带；新水带到货后，核对规格、压力等级是否与原水带一致，确保适配船上消防栓；对新水带进行压力测试，在规定压力下保持一段时间，确认无泄漏、无变形后，按规定位置存放；同时将老化水带按船舶废弃物处理规定妥善处置，记录水带更换情况，确保船上消防水带数量充足且均为完好可用状态。

Q：During the daily maintenance of fire hoses, if some hoses are found to be aged and cracked, what handling measures should be taken?

A：Immediately remove the aged and cracked fire hoses from the side of the fire hydrant, store them separately and mark them as "Forbidden" to prevent misuse; check the inventory quantity of all fire hoses, count the specifications and quantity of hoses to be replaced, and apply to the chief mate for purchasing new hoses that meet the fire protection standards; after the new hoses arrive, check whether the specifications and pressure levels are consistent with the original hoses to ensure they are compatible with the ship's fire hydrants; conduct a pressure test on the new hoses, keep them under the specified pressure for a period of time, and store them in the specified position after confirming no leakage and no deformation; at the same time, properly dispose of the aged hoses in accordance with the ship's waste disposal regulations, record the hose replacement situation, and ensure the ship has sufficient fire hoses and all are in good usable condition.

9.Q：救生筏的年度检验中，除了常规检查，还需联系专业机构完成哪些关键检测项目？

A：需联系专业机构对救生筏的充气系统进行全面检测，包括充气瓶的密封性和压力稳定性测试，确保充气速度和压力符合标准；对救生筏的浮力材料进行性能检测，确认其浮力衰减情况在允许范围内，保证救生筏承载能力达标；检测救生筏的水密性，将救生筏模拟充气后放入水中，检查是否存在渗漏；对筏内的信号设备（如雷达反射器、无线电示位标）进行功能测试，确保紧急情况下能正常发送求救信号；同时由专业机构更新救生筏的检验证书，记录检验结果和下次检验时间，确保救生筏符合国际海事组织（IMO）的相关规范要求。

Q：During the annual inspection of life rafts, besides regular inspections, what key testing items need to be completed by contacting professional institutions?

A：It is necessary to contact professional institutions to conduct a comprehensive inspection of the life raft's inflation system, including the tightness and pressure stability test of the inflation cylinder to ensure the inflation speed and pressure meet the standards; conduct performance testing on the buoyancy material of the life raft, confirm that the buoyancy attenuation is within the allowable range, and ensure the life raft's load-bearing capacity meets the standards; test the watertightness of the life raft, put the life raft into water after simulating inflation, and check for leakage; conduct functional testing on the signal equipment inside the raft (such as radar reflectors, radio beacons) to ensure they can send distress signals normally in emergency situations; at the same time, the professional institution updates the life raft's inspection certificate, records the inspection results and the next inspection time, ensuring the life raft meets the relevant specification requirements of the International Maritime Organization (IMO).

10.Q：作为三副，如何建立消防救生设备的定期检查台账？台账需包含哪些核心信息？

A：建立电子或纸质台账，按设备类型分类（如消防泵、救生艇、灭火器等），明确每类设备的检查周期（日检、周检、月检、年检）。台账核心信息包括：设备名称、型号规格、安装位置、出厂编号；每次检查的日期、检查人员姓名；检查项目及结果（如设备状态正常、故障描述）；故障处理措施及完成时间；设备维修、更换、检验的记录（含维修人员、更换部件、检验机构）；下次检查的计划时间。同时定期对台账进行整理归档，确保数据准确可追溯，便于随时查阅设备状态，保障消防救生设备管理的规范性和系统性。

Q：As a third mate, how to establish a regular inspection ledger for fire-fighting and life-saving equipment? What core information should the ledger include?

A：Establish an electronic or paper ledger, classify by equipment type (such as fire pumps, lifeboats, fire extinguishers, etc.), and clarify the inspection cycle (daily inspection, weekly inspection, monthly inspection, annual inspection) for each type of equipment. The core information of the ledger includes: equipment name, model specification, installation location, factory serial number; date of each inspection, name of the inspector; inspection items and results (such as normal equipment status, fault description); fault handling measures and completion time; records of equipment maintenance, replacement, and inspection (including maintenance personnel, replacement parts, inspection institutions); planned time for the next inspection. At the same time, organize and file the ledger regularly to ensure accurate and traceable data, facilitate checking the equipment status at any time, and ensure the standardization and systematization of fire-fighting and life-saving equipment management.

1.Q：船舶装载集装箱货物前，你需协助大副完成哪些货舱准备工作？

A：协助大副核对货舱的舱容、甲板承重能力，确认与集装箱重量和数量匹配；检查货舱内的集装箱固定装置（如扭锁、桥锁、底锁）是否完好，数量是否充足，若有损坏及时更换；清理货舱内的杂物、积水和油污，确保货舱清洁干燥，避免污染集装箱货物；检查货舱舱盖的密封性，通过冲水试验确认无渗漏，防止航行中雨水进入货舱；标记货舱内的舱位编号和重量限制标识，便于装卸工人按计划装载，同时记录货舱准备情况，为后续装载作业提供依据。

Q：Before the ship loads container cargo, what cargo hold preparation work do you need to assist the chief mate in completing?

A：Assist the chief mate in checking the cargo hold capacity and deck load-bearing capacity to confirm they match the weight and quantity of the containers; check whether the container fixing devices (such as twist locks, bridge locks, bottom locks) in the cargo hold are intact and sufficient in quantity, and replace them in a timely manner if damaged; clean up the debris, accumulated water and oil stains in the cargo hold to ensure the cargo hold is clean and dry, avoiding contamination of container cargo; check the tightness of the cargo hold hatch cover, confirm no leakage through the water flushing test, preventing rainwater from entering the cargo hold during navigation; mark the hold number and weight limit marks in the cargo hold to facilitate stevedores to load according to the plan, and record the cargo hold preparation situation at the same time to provide a basis for subsequent loading operations.

2.Q：运输散装谷物时，如何协助监测货舱内谷物的移动情况，防止船舶稳性恶化？

A：定期进入货舱或通过货舱观察孔查看谷物表面是否有明显倾斜、位移，记录谷物表面的倾斜角度；使用测深杆测量货舱不同位置的谷物深度，对比装载初期数据，判断是否存在谷物移动；关注船舶的横摇、纵摇情况，若发现船舶摇摆幅度异常增大，及时检查货舱谷物状态；根据天气变化调整船舶航向和航速，避免因剧烈摇摆导致谷物大量移动；若发现谷物移动迹象，立即向大副报告，协助采取压载水调整、加固谷物等措施，确保船舶稳性符合安全要求，并记录监测情况和处理措施。

Q：When transporting bulk grain, how to assist in monitoring the movement of grain in the cargo hold to prevent the deterioration of ship stability?

A：Regularly enter the cargo hold or check through the cargo hold observation hole whether the grain surface has obvious inclination and displacement, and record the inclination angle of the grain surface; use a sounding rod to measure the grain depth at different positions in the cargo hold, compare with the initial loading data to judge whether there is grain movement; pay attention to the rolling and pitching of the ship, and if abnormal increase in the ship's rolling amplitude is found, check the grain status in the cargo hold in a timely manner; adjust the ship's course and speed according to weather changes to avoid a large amount of grain movement caused by severe rolling; if signs of grain movement are found, immediately report to the chief mate, assist in taking measures such as ballast water adjustment and grain reinforcement to ensure the ship's stability meets safety requirements, and record the monitoring situation and handling measures.

3.Q：装载冷藏货物前，需对冷藏货舱进行哪些检查和调试，确保货物运输质量？

A：检查冷藏货舱的隔热层是否完好，有无破损或结露现象，若隔热层损坏及时修补，防止冷量流失；测试冷藏机组的制冷效果，将货舱温度设定为货物要求的温度（如肉类通常需 - 18℃以下），运行一段时间后，用温度计检测货舱不同区域的温度是否均匀，是否达到设定值；检查货舱内的湿度传感器和温度记录仪是否正常工作，确保能实时监测并记录温湿度数据；清理货舱内的异味和残留物，必要时进行消毒处理，避免污染冷藏货物；检查货舱的门封条是否严密，防止外界热空气进入，同时记录冷藏货舱的检查和调试结果，确认符合货物运输要求后再安排装载。

Q：Before loading refrigerated cargo, what inspections and adjustments need to be made to the refrigerated cargo hold to ensure the quality of cargo transportation?

A：Check whether the thermal insulation layer of the refrigerated cargo hold is intact and whether there is damage or condensation. If the thermal insulation layer is damaged, repair it in a timely manner to prevent cold loss; test the refrigeration effect of the refrigeration unit, set the cargo hold temperature to the temperature required by the cargo (for example, meat usually needs to be below -18℃), and after running for a period of time, use a thermometer to detect whether the temperature in different areas of the cargo hold is uniform and reaches the set value; check whether the humidity sensor and temperature recorder in the cargo hold are working normally to ensure real-time monitoring and recording of temperature and humidity data; clean up odors and residues in the cargo hold, and conduct disinfection if necessary to avoid contaminating the refrigerated cargo; check whether the door seal of the cargo hold is tight to prevent external hot air from entering. At the same time, record the inspection and adjustment results of the refrigerated cargo hold, and arrange loading only after confirming that it meets the cargo transportation requirements.

4.Q：运输易受潮的袋装货物时，如何协助做好货舱防潮工作，避免货物霉变？

A：装载前检查货舱舱底排水孔是否通畅，清除舱底积水和潮湿杂物，在舱底铺设防水油布或垫木，隔绝舱底潮气；检查货舱通风设备是否正常，根据货物特性和航行途中的天气情况，制定通风计划，如晴天开启自然通风，雨天使用机械通风并控制通风量，避免外界湿气进入；在货舱内放置适量干燥剂（如硅胶、生石灰），定期检查干燥剂吸湿状态，及时更换失效干燥剂；装载时确保袋装货物堆码整齐，预留通风间隙，避免货物紧贴舱壁和舱底，减少潮气积聚；航行期间定期检查货舱内湿度和货物包装情况，若发现货物有返潮迹象，及时调整通风方式或补充干燥剂，记录防潮措施及货物状态。

Q：When transporting moisture-sensitive bagged cargo, how to assist in moisture-proof work in the cargo hold to avoid cargo mildew?

A：Before loading, check whether the cargo hold bilge drainage holes are unobstructed, remove accumulated water and damp debris in the bilge, and lay waterproof tarpaulins or skids on the bilge to isolate bilge moisture; check whether the cargo hold ventilation equipment is normal, and formulate a ventilation plan according to the cargo characteristics and weather conditions during navigation, such as opening natural ventilation on sunny days and using mechanical ventilation on rainy days while controlling the ventilation volume to prevent external moisture from entering; place an appropriate amount of desiccants (such as silica gel, quicklime) in the cargo hold, regularly check the moisture absorption status of the desiccants, and replace invalid desiccants in a timely manner; ensure that the bagged cargo is stacked neatly during loading, with reserved ventilation gaps to prevent the cargo from being close to the hold wall and bilge, reducing moisture accumulation; regularly check the humidity in the cargo hold and the packaging condition of the cargo during navigation. If signs of moisture regain are found in the cargo, adjust the ventilation method or supplement desiccants in a timely manner, and record the moisture-proof measures and cargo status.

5.Q：船舶到达卸货港前，需协助大副做好哪些货物卸载前的准备工作？

A：协助大副核对卸货清单，确认货物的卸载顺序、数量及卸载位置，确保与港口卸货计划一致；检查货舱舱盖的开启装置是否灵活，如液压系统、手动开启装置等，若有故障及时维修，确保能顺利开启舱盖；清理货舱内影响卸载的障碍物，如固定货物的绳索、垫木等，整理货舱内通道，便于装卸设备和人员作业；检查货舱内的照明设备是否完好，若照明不足，准备临时照明工具，确保卸载作业在充足光照下进行；与港口装卸部门沟通，确认卸载设备的类型、规格及作业时间，提前告知本船货舱结构和货物特性，协助制定安全卸载方案，同时记录准备工作情况，为卸载作业顺利开展奠定基础。

Q：Before the ship arrives at the unloading port, what preparations for cargo unloading do you need to assist the chief mate in completing?

A：Assist the chief mate in checking the unloading list, confirm the unloading sequence, quantity and unloading location of the cargo to ensure consistency with the port unloading plan; check whether the opening device of the cargo hold hatch cover is flexible, such as the hydraulic system and manual opening device, and repair in a timely manner if there is a fault to ensure the hatch cover can be opened smoothly; clean up obstacles affecting unloading in the cargo hold, such as ropes and skids for fixing the cargo, organize the channels in the cargo hold to facilitate the operation of loading and unloading equipment and personnel; check whether the lighting equipment in the cargo hold is intact, and if the lighting is insufficient, prepare temporary lighting tools to ensure the unloading operation is carried out under sufficient light; communicate with the port loading and unloading department, confirm the type, specification and operation time of the unloading equipment, inform the ship's cargo hold structure and cargo characteristics in advance, assist in formulating a safe unloading plan, and record the preparation situation at the same time to lay a foundation for the smooth development of the unloading operation.

6.Q：装载重货（如机械设备）时，如何协助确认货舱甲板的承载能力，避免甲板损坏？

A：首先查阅船舶《货物系固手册》和甲板结构图，确认货舱甲板不同区域的最大允许承载压力（通常以吨 / 平方米为单位）；获取重货的重量、底部支撑面积等参数，计算重货对甲板的实际压强（压强 = 重量 / 支撑面积）；将计算得出的实际压强与甲板允许承载压力对比，若实际压强超过允许值，需采取增加垫木、铺设钢板等措施扩大支撑面积，降低压强至允许范围；协助大副使用水平仪检查甲板是否水平，若存在倾斜，需调整垫木高度使重货保持水平，避免局部受力过大；装载过程中实时观察甲板变形情况，若发现甲板有凹陷、裂纹等异常，立即停止装载，重新评估承载方案，确认安全后再继续作业，同时记录承载能力核算过程和采取的措施。

Q：When loading heavy cargo (such as mechanical equipment), how to assist in confirming the load-bearing capacity of the cargo hold deck to avoid deck damage?

A：First, refer to the ship's "Cargo Securing Manual" and deck structure diagram to confirm the maximum allowable bearing pressure (usually in tons per square meter) in different areas of the cargo hold deck; obtain parameters such as the weight and bottom support area of the heavy cargo, and calculate the actual pressure of the heavy cargo on the deck (pressure = weight / support area); compare the calculated actual pressure with the allowable bearing pressure of the deck. If the actual pressure exceeds the allowable value, measures such as adding skids and laying steel plates need to be taken to expand the support area and reduce the pressure to the allowable range; assist the chief mate in checking whether the deck is level using a level. If there is inclination, adjust the height of the skids to keep the heavy cargo level to avoid excessive local stress; observe the deck deformation in real time during loading. If abnormalities such as depression and cracks are found on the deck, immediately stop loading, re-evaluate the bearing plan, and continue the operation only after confirming safety. At the same time, record the load-bearing capacity calculation process and the measures taken.

7.Q：运输危险货物（如易燃液体）时，需额外做好哪些货舱安全检查工作？

A：首先确认货舱是否符合危险货物运输的防爆、防静电要求，检查货舱内是否有电气火花源，如非防爆灯具、裸露电线等，若有立即更换或整改；检查货舱的通风系统是否为防爆型，通风口是否安装防火网，防止火星进入货舱；检查货舱内的静电接地装置是否完好，确保货舱与船舶接地系统有效连接，装卸作业前需测试接地电阻，确保符合安全标准；检查货舱内的消防设备是否适配危险货物类型，如配备抗溶性泡沫灭火器、干粉灭火器等，确保消防设备完好且在有效期内；检查危险货物的包装是否完好，有无泄漏痕迹，若发现包装破损，立即采取隔离、堵漏措施，并向大副和港口有关部门报告；航行期间定期检测货舱内的可燃气体浓度，若浓度超标，立即开启防爆通风设备，严禁在货舱附近进行明火作业，记录安全检查情况和检测数据。

Q：When transporting dangerous goods (such as flammable liquids), what additional cargo hold safety inspection work needs to be done?

A：First, confirm whether the cargo hold meets the explosion-proof and anti-static requirements for dangerous goods transportation, check whether there are electrical spark sources in the cargo hold, such as non-explosion-proof lamps and exposed wires, and replace or rectify them immediately if any; check whether the ventilation system of the cargo hold is explosion-proof and whether the ventilation openings are equipped with fire screens to prevent sparks from entering the cargo hold; check whether the electrostatic grounding device in the cargo hold is intact, ensure the cargo hold is effectively connected to the ship's grounding system, and test the grounding resistance before loading and unloading operations to ensure it meets safety standards; check whether the fire-fighting equipment in the cargo hold is suitable for the type of dangerous goods, such as equipping water-soluble foam fire extinguishers and dry powder fire extinguishers, to ensure the fire-fighting equipment is intact and within the validity period; check whether the packaging of dangerous goods is intact and whether there are leakage traces. If damaged packaging is found, immediately take isolation and leak-stopping measures, and report to the chief mate and relevant port departments; regularly detect the flammable gas concentration in the cargo hold during navigation. If the concentration exceeds the standard, immediately turn on the explosion-proof ventilation equipment, strictly prohibit open flame operations near the cargo hold, and record the safety inspection situation and detection data.

8.Q：卸货过程中发现部分货物包装破损、货物短缺，应如何协助处理？

A：立即停止破损货物所在区域的卸货作业，设置警示标识，防止货物进一步损坏或人员受伤；协助大副对破损货物进行清点，记录破损货物的名称、数量、破损程度及短缺情况，拍摄现场照片或视频作为证据；联系货主或货运代理，告知货物破损和短缺情况，说明现场情况并听取处理意见；若货主同意继续卸货，需采取防护措施，如用防水油布覆盖破损货物、将短缺货物的包装单独存放，避免与其他货物混淆；在卸货报告中详细记录货物破损和短缺的具体情况，由大副、港口理货员共同签字确认；卸货完成后，协助整理相关证据（照片、视频、卸货报告），提交给公司相关部门，以便后续处理索赔事宜，同时记录处理过程和结果。

Q：During the unloading process, if some cargo packaging is damaged and cargo is missing, how to assist in handling?

A：Immediately stop the unloading operation in the area where the damaged cargo is located, set up warning signs to prevent further damage to the cargo or personal injury; assist the chief mate in counting the damaged cargo, record the name, quantity, damage degree and shortage of the damaged cargo, and take on-site photos or videos as evidence; contact the cargo owner or freight forwarder, inform them of the cargo damage and shortage, explain the on-site situation and listen to the handling opinions; if the cargo owner agrees to continue unloading, take protective measures, such as covering the damaged cargo with waterproof tarpaulins and storing the packaging of the missing cargo separately to avoid confusion with other cargo; record the specific situation of cargo damage and shortage in detail in the unloading report, which is jointly signed and confirmed by the chief mate and the port tallyman; after the completion of unloading, assist in organizing relevant evidence (photos, videos, unloading report) and submit it to the relevant departments of the company for subsequent claim handling, and record the handling process and results at the same time.

9.Q：航行途中货舱发生进水，应如何协助排查进水原因并采取应急措施？

A：首先协助大副关闭货舱相关的进水阀门（如海水阀、淡水阀），切断可能的进水来源；通过货舱水位计或测深锤测量进水量，判断进水速度，同时检查货舱舱壁、舱底、舱盖等部位，查找进水点，常见进水原因包括舱盖密封失效、舱壁裂缝、排水孔堵塞导致积水倒灌等；若进水点为舱盖密封不严，立即组织人员加固舱盖，如压紧舱盖螺栓、铺设防水垫；若为舱壁裂缝，使用堵漏毯、木塞等工具进行临时堵漏，减少进水量；开启货舱排水泵，加速排出舱内积水，同时密切关注船舶吃水和稳性变化，若进水量过大，协助调整压载水，保持船舶平衡；记录进水原因、排查过程、采取的应急措施及进水处理结果，待航行安全后，对进水部位进行永久性修复。

Q：During navigation, if water enters the cargo hold, how to assist in troubleshooting the cause of water ingress and take emergency measures?

A：First, assist the chief mate in closing the water inlet valves related to the cargo hold (such as seawater valves and freshwater valves) to cut off the possible water inlet sources; measure the water inflow through the cargo hold water level gauge or sounding lead to judge the water inflow speed, and at the same time check the cargo hold wall, bilge, hatch cover and other parts to find the water inlet point. Common causes of water ingress include failure of the hatch cover seal, cracks in the hold wall, and backflow of accumulated water due to blocked drainage holes; if the water inlet point is the poor seal of the hatch cover, immediately organize personnel to reinforce the hatch cover, such as tightening the hatch cover bolts and laying waterproof pads; if it is a crack in the hold wall, use tools such as leak-stopping blankets and wooden plugs for temporary leak-stopping to reduce water inflow; turn on the cargo hold drainage pump to accelerate the discharge of accumulated water in the hold, and at the same time closely monitor the changes in the ship's draft and stability. If the water inflow is too large, assist in adjusting the ballast water to maintain the ship's balance; record the cause of water ingress, troubleshooting process, emergency measures taken and the result of water treatment, and conduct permanent repair of the water inlet part after the navigation is safe.

10.Q：作为三副，如何协助大副完成货物积载计划的执行和监督工作？

A：首先熟悉货物积载计划，明确各类货物的装载位置、堆码高度、系固要求及隔离要求（如危险货物与普通货物的隔离）；装载前向装卸工人讲解积载计划的重点内容，如易碎货物需轻拿轻放、重货在下轻货在上的堆码原则，确保装卸工人理解并遵守；装载过程中对照积载计划，实时检查货物的实际装载位置是否与计划一致，若发现偏差，及时与大副沟通，调整装载顺序；监督货物系固作业，检查系固绳索的强度、数量是否符合要求，系固点是否牢固，防止航行中货物移位；对特殊货物（如冷藏货、危险货）的装载过程进行重点监督，确保其符合特殊运输要求；装载完成后，协助大副核对实际装载情况与积载计划的一致性，记录偏差情况及调整措施，确保货物积载满足安全航行和卸载要求。

Q：As a third mate, how to assist the chief mate in the implementation and supervision of the cargo stowage plan?

A：First, be familiar with the cargo stowage plan, clarify the loading position, stacking height, securing requirements and isolation requirements of various types of cargo (such as isolation between dangerous goods and general cargo); explain the key contents of the stowage plan to the stevedores before loading, such as fragile goods need to be handled with care and the stacking principle of heavy goods below and light goods above, to ensure the stevedores understand and comply; compare with the stowage plan during loading, and check in real time whether the actual loading position of the cargo is consistent with the plan. If a deviation is found, communicate with the chief mate in a timely manner and adjust the loading sequence; supervise the cargo securing operation, check whether the strength and quantity of the securing ropes meet the requirements and whether the securing points are firm to prevent cargo displacement during navigation; focus on supervising the loading process of special cargo (such as refrigerated cargo and dangerous cargo) to ensure it meets the special transportation requirements; after the completion of loading, assist the chief mate in checking the consistency between the actual loading situation and the stowage plan, record the deviation situation and adjustment measures, and ensure the cargo stowage meets the requirements of safe navigation and unloading.