十一、船舶维护类

51. 问：货舱舱口围的日常检查要点？

答：检查橡胶衬垫老化、金属结构裂纹、排水孔堵塞；每次开舱前确认无变形。

Q: What are the daily inspection points for cargo hold hatch coamings?

A: Check for aging of rubber gaskets, cracks in metal structures, and blockage of drainage holes; confirm no deformation before opening the hatch each time.

52. 问：如何保养货舱液压舱盖系统？

答：定期检查液压油位和管路泄漏；清洁轨道并涂抹润滑脂；操作测试开关灵活性。

Q: How to maintain the cargo hold hydraulic hatch cover system?

A: Regularly check the hydraulic oil level and pipeline leakage; clean the rails and apply grease; test the flexibility of the operation switches.

53. 问：甲板消防设备月度检查内容？

答：消防栓水压测试；皮龙带无破损；灭火器压力正常；国际通岸接头完好。

Q: What are the monthly inspection contents of deck fire-fighting equipment?

A: Hydrant water pressure test; no damage to hoses; normal pressure of fire extinguishers; intact international shore connection.

54. 问：压载舱涂层破损如何处理？

答：报告公司安排坞修；临时使用环氧树脂修补；增加内部检查频率。

Q: How to handle the damage of ballast tank coating?

A: Report to the company to arrange dock repair; temporarily repair with epoxy resin; increase the frequency of internal inspections.

55. 问：克令吊钢丝绳更换标准？

答：断丝超过10%、直径减少7%或变形严重时立即更换；定期涂专用油脂防锈。

Q: What is the replacement standard for the crane wire rope?

A: Replace immediately when the number of broken wires exceeds 10%, the diameter is reduced by 7% or the deformation is serious; regularly apply special grease for rust prevention.

十二、法规更新类

56. 问：CII（碳强度指标）对大副工作的影响？

答：需优化航速、减少锚泊时间；配合轮机部记录能效数据；参与制定减排计划。

Q: What is the impact of CII (Carbon Intensity Indicator) on the chief officer's work?

A: Need to optimize sailing speed, reduce anchoring time; cooperate with the engineering department to record energy efficiency data; participate in formulating emission reduction plans.

57. 问：最新压载水公约（BWM）的D-2标准是什么？

答：排放压载水时每立方米微生物含量需达标（如＜10个活体生物/立方米）。

Q: What is the D-2 standard of the latest Ballast Water Management (BWM) Convention?

A: The content of microorganisms per cubic meter when discharging ballast water must meet the standard (e.g., <10 living organisms/m³).

58. 问：欧盟ETS碳税对散货船的要求？

答：2024年起需监测和报告CO₂排放量；购买相应碳排放配额。

Q: What are the requirements of the EU ETS carbon tax for bulk carriers?

A: From 2024, it is required to monitor and report CO₂ emissions; purchase corresponding carbon emission allowances.

59. 问：IMO 2020限硫令的两种合规方式？

答：使用硫含量≤0.5%的低硫燃油，或安装脱硫塔（EGC系统）。

Q: What are the two compliance methods for the IMO 2020 sulfur limit order?

A: Use low-sulfur fuel with sulfur content ≤0.5%, or install a desulfurization tower (EGC system).

60. 问：香港公约（拆船公约）对大副的要求？

答：维护有害物质清单（IHM）；拆解前配合提供船舶结构图纸。

Q: What are the requirements of the Hong Kong Convention (Ship Recycling Convention) for the chief officer?

A: Maintain the Inventory of Hazardous Materials (IHM); cooperate to provide ship structure drawings before recycling.

十三、航行安全类

61. 问：散货船空载航行时需注意什么？

答：调整压载水保证足够吃水；减少受风面积；谨慎应对恶劣海况。

Q: What should be paid attention to when a bulk carrier sails in ballast?

A: Adjust ballast water to ensure sufficient draft; reduce windage area; cautiously deal with severe sea conditions.

62. 问：如何避免船舶在河道中搁浅？

答：使用最新电子海图；关注潮汐表；派专人瞭望；备车备锚航行。

Q: How to avoid a ship grounding in a river channel?

A: Use the latest electronic charts; pay attention to tide tables; assign special personnel for lookout; sail with the engine and anchor ready.

63. 问：狭水道航行时甲板部职责？

答：协助瞭望；准备应急拖缆；检查锚机备便；监测AIS和VHF通信。

Q: What are the responsibilities of the deck department when navigating in narrow channels?

A: Assist in lookout; prepare emergency towing cables; check the readiness of the windlass; monitor AIS and VHF communications.

64. 问：极地航行需额外准备哪些工作？

答：检查防冻设备（消防管伴热）；备足防滑沙；培训船员低温急救知识。

Q: What additional preparations are needed for polar navigation?

A: Check anti-freezing equipment (fire hose heating); prepare sufficient anti-skid sand; train crew on low-temperature first-aid knowledge.

65. 问：如何应对海盗袭击高风险区？

答：提前启动SSAS；部署防海盗设施（刀网、高压水枪）；组织安全演练。

Q: How to deal with high-risk areas of pirate attacks?

A: Activate SSAS in advance; deploy anti-piracy facilities (knife nets, high-pressure water guns); organize safety drills.

十四、货物文件类

66. 问：装货前需查验哪些货物文件？

答：货物声明书、TML证书、MSDS（安全数据单）、装货许可（如适用）。

Q: What cargo documents need to be inspected before loading?

A: Cargo declaration, TML certificate, MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet), loading permit (if applicable).

67. 问：如何处理货差争议？

答：核对装卸港水尺计算；检查船舶常数；拍照留存货物状态；联合理货公司确认。

Q: How to handle disputes over cargo shortage?

A: Check the draft calculation at the loading and unloading ports; inspect the ship's constant; take photos to retain the cargo status; confirm with the tally company.

68. 问：大副收据（Mate’s Receipt）的作用？

答：作为码头交货凭证；记录货物表面状况；是签发提单的依据之一。

Q: What is the function of Mate’s Receipt?

A: Serve as a delivery document at the wharf; record the surface condition of the cargo; be one of the bases for issuing bills of lading.

69. 问：航次结束后需归档哪些货物记录？

答：装卸货时间表、稳性计算书、货舱检查照片、货损报告（如有）。

Q: What cargo records need to be filed after the voyage?

A: Loading and unloading schedule, stability calculation, cargo hold inspection photos, cargo damage report (if any).

70. 问：电子版货物记录的法律效力？

答：需符合IMO电子记录标准；经船长电子签名；备份至云端防丢失。

Q: What is the legal effect of electronic cargo records?

A: Need to comply with IMO electronic record standards; be electronically signed by the captain; backed up to the cloud to prevent loss.

十五、应急演练类

71. 问：货舱消防演练的流程？

答：模拟火警→封闭货舱→释放CO₂→检查效果→记录演练时间与参与人员。

Q: What is the process of cargo hold fire drill?

A: Simulate a fire alarm → close the cargo hold → release CO₂ → check the effect → record the drill time and participants.

72. 问：如何组织弃船演练？

答：每月一次；涵盖救生艇释放、应急无线电操作、伤员转移；全员按应变卡职责行动。

Q: How to organize an abandon ship drill?

A: Once a month; cover lifeboat release, emergency radio operation, and casualty transfer; all personnel act according to the responsibilities in the emergency card.

73. 问：封闭空间进入演练的关键步骤？

答：测氧测爆→签发进入许可→监护人员到位→通讯测试→紧急撤离信号确认。

Q: What are the key steps of enclosed space entry drill?

A: Oxygen and explosion testing → issue entry permit → supervisors in place → communication test → confirmation of emergency evacuation signal.

74. 问：溢油演练中甲板部的分工？

答：布放围油栏；操作吸油材料；记录泄漏量；协助联系岸方支援。

Q: What is the division of labor of the deck department in oil spill drills?

A: Deploy oil booms; operate oil absorption materials; record the leakage amount; assist in contacting shore support.

75. 问：如何评估演练效果？

答：计时检查反应速度；记录操作失误；演练后开会总结改进点。

Q: How to evaluate the effect of the drill?

A: Time and check the response speed; record operational errors; hold a meeting after the drill to summarize improvement points.

十六、技术应用类

76. 问：如何使用装载计算机（Loading Computer）

答：输入货物分布、压载水数据 校核稳性、强度、吃水差 生成装载手册

Q: How to use a Loading Computer

A: Enter cargo distribution and ballast water data check stability, strength and trim generate a loading manual

77. 问：电子海图（ECDIS）对大副工作的帮助

答：监控航线安全 设置安全等深线 查看潮汐和AIS目标 记录航行轨迹

Q: How does the Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) help the chief officer's work

A: Monitor route safety set safety contour lines check tides and AIS targets record navigation tracks

78. 问：无人机在货舱检查中的应用

答：快速排查高处结构缺陷 拍摄货损证据 减少人员进入高风险区域

Q: Application of drones in cargo hold inspection

A: Quickly check for structural defects at high places take photos of cargo damage evidence reduce personnel entry into high-risk areas

79. 问：如何利用气象路由系统优化航程

答：与船长协作选择避风路线 平衡燃油消耗与船期 更新实时天气数据

Q: How to optimize the voyage using a weather routing system

A: Collaborate with the captain to choose wind-avoiding routes balance fuel consumption and schedule update real-time weather data

80. 问：物联网（IoT）在散货船的应用

答：货舱温湿度监测 压载舱远程传感器 设备故障预警系统

Q: Application of the Internet of Things (IoT) on bulk carriers

A: Cargo hold temperature and humidity monitoring remote sensors in ballast tanks equipment failure early warning system

十七、船员健康类

81. 问：如何预防船员在货舱作业中中暑

答：避开高温时段作业 提供盐汽水 设置轮换休息 配备急救药品

Q: How to prevent crew members from heatstroke during cargo hold operations

A: Avoid working during high-temperature periods provide salt soda set up rotation breaks equip with first-aid medicines

82. 问：甲板部船员骨折的应急处理

答：固定伤肢 冰敷消肿 联系岸基医疗指导 准备直升机转运（如必要）

Q: Emergency treatment for fractures of deck department crew

A: Immobilize the injured limb apply ice to reduce swelling contact shore-based medical guidance prepare for helicopter transfer (if necessary)

83. 问：如何管理长期航行的船员心理健康

答：定期组织集体活动 开通心理咨询通道 鼓励与家人视频通话

Q: How to manage the mental health of crew members on long voyages

A: Regularly organize group activities open psychological counseling channels encourage video calls with family members

84. 问：疫情防控期间装卸货的额外措施

答：限制与码头人员接触 作业后消毒甲板 船员佩戴N95口罩

Q: Additional measures for loading and unloading during epidemic prevention and control

A: Restrict contact with dock personnel disinfect the deck after operations crew wear N95 masks

85. 问：船员食物中毒的处置流程

答：隔离可疑食品 采集样本送检 补充电解质 报告公司并申请医疗支援

Q: Disposal process for crew food poisoning

A: Isolate suspicious food collect samples for inspection supplement electrolytes report to the company and apply for medical support

十八、成本控制类

86. 问：如何减少港口滞期费

答：提前准备装卸文件 优化工班排班 监督装卸效率 及时处理争议

Q: How to reduce port demurrage

A: Prepare loading and unloading documents in advance optimize work shifts monitor loading and unloading efficiency handle disputes in a timely manner

87. 问：甲板部节约物资的建议

答：回收可重复使用绑扎材料 控制油漆和溶剂用量 定期清点库存

Q: Suggestions for the deck department to save materials

A: Recycle reusable binding materials control the amount of paint and solvents regularly check inventory

88. 问：如何降低货损索赔风险

答：装货前拍照留存 严格监督装卸过程 购买足额保赔险（P&I）

Q: How to reduce the risk of cargo damage claims

A: Take photos for retention before loading strictly supervise the loading and unloading process purchase sufficient protection and indemnity insurance (P&I)

89. 问：备件申请如何平衡成本与需求

答：优先采购关键设备备件 共享同级船库存信息 评估紧急替代方案

Q: How to balance cost and demand in spare parts application

A: Prioritize the purchase of key equipment spare parts share inventory information of ships of the same class evaluate emergency alternative schemes

90. 问：如何通过配载减少燃油消耗

答：优化吃水差减少阻力 合理分配压载水 与船长协商经济航速

Q: How to reduce fuel consumption through stowage

A: Optimize trim to reduce resistance reasonably distribute ballast water negotiate economic speed with the captain

十九、冲突解决类

91. 问：船员因奖金分配发生争执如何处理

答：公开公司分配政策 听取双方意见 上报船长或公司人事部裁决

Q: How to handle disputes among crew members over bonus distribution

A: Disclose the company's distribution policy listen to both parties' opinions report to the captain or the company's personnel department for ruling

92. 问：码头要求超载怎么办

答：拒绝并出示载重线证书 报告船长和租家 申请第三方检验（如需要）

Q: What to do if the dock requires overloading

A: Refuse and present the load line certificate report to the captain and charterer apply for third-party inspection (if needed)

93. 问：货主质疑货物湿度检测结果如何应对

答：提供第三方检测报告 展示取样过程视频 建议共同委托复检

Q: How to respond if the cargo owner questions the cargo humidity test results

A: Provide third-party test reports show videos of the sampling process suggest joint commissioning of re-inspection

94. 问：船员拒绝进入高风险货舱作业怎么办

答：重新评估风险 提供额外防护装备 若仍不合理拒绝则按纪律程序处理

Q: What to do if crew members refuse to enter high-risk cargo holds for operations

A: Re-evaluate the risk provide additional protective equipment if unreasonable refusal persists handle according to disciplinary procedures

95. 问：租家要求更改卸货港顺序的合规性

答：检查租船合同条款 评估船舶稳性和吃水限制 书面确认变更责任划分

Q: The compliance of the charterer's request to change the order of discharge ports

A: Check the terms of the charter party evaluate the ship's stability and draft restrictions confirm the division of responsibilities for changes in writing

二十、职业发展类

96. 问：未来散货船大副需掌握哪些新技能

答：新能源船舶（如LNG动力）操作 碳排放管理 自动化系统监控

Q: What new skills will bulk carrier chief officers need to master in the future

A: Operation of new energy ships (such as LNG-powered) carbon emission management automated system monitoring

97. 问：如何准备船长考试

答：系统学习《船长业务》教材 积累实操经验（如进出港指挥） 参加模拟器培训

Q: How to prepare for the captain's exam

A: Systematically study the "Captain's Business" textbook accumulate practical experience (such as command of entering and leaving ports) participate in simulator training

98. 问：大副晋升船长的关键能力

答：全局决策力 应急指挥能力 商业意识（如期租合同） 团队领导力

Q: Key capabilities for chief officers to be promoted to captains

A: Overall decision-making ability emergency command ability business awareness (such as time charter contracts) team leadership

99. 问：行业低迷期如何提升竞争力

答：考取高附加值证书（如液化气船） 学习多语种 积累特殊航线经验

Q: How to improve competitiveness during industry downturns

A: Obtain high-value-added certificates (such as for liquefied gas ships) learn multiple languages accumulate special route experience

100. 问：对无人机舱散货船的看法

答：需加强电子设备维护知识 适应远程监控模式 明确与轮机部的责任界限

Q: Views on unmanned engine room bulk carriers

A: Need to strengthen knowledge of electronic equipment maintenance adapt to remote monitoring mode clarify the responsibility boundary with the engine department

散货船大副面试及参加答案：https://edu.greenblogs.cn/article/3496