以下为散货船大副面试中高频出现的100个核心问题及参考应答，涵盖业务知识、应急处理、管理能力、法规文件等核心领域，全面覆盖散货船大副岗位的核心职责与专业要求。问答内容兼具理论深度与实践指导性，既体现对国际航运规则的精准把握，又涵盖日常作业与应急场景的实操要点，可为大副岗位面试提供全面的专业能力评估参考，也为从业人员梳理了核心工作范畴与技能要求。

一、业务知识类 (Professional Knowledge)

1. 问：散货船配载需要注意哪些关键点？

答：确保船舶的稳性、强度及吃水差符合要求，合理分配各舱货物重量，避免超过局部强度限制，同时考虑港口的装卸顺序。

Q: What key points should be noted in bulk carrier stowage?

A: Ensure the ship's stability, strength and trim meet the requirements, reasonably distribute the weight of cargo in each hold, avoid exceeding the local strength limit, and consider the port loading and unloading sequence.

2. 问：如何计算散货船的稳性？

答：通过GM值（初稳性高度）进行评估，需满足船舶稳性手册的要求，通常GM值在0.3~1.0米之间，同时还需校核大倾角稳性。

Q: How to calculate the stability of a bulk carrier?

A: Evaluate through the GM value (initial stability height), which must meet the requirements of the ship's stability manual. Usually, the GM value is between 0.3 and 1.0 meters, and the large-angle stability should also be checked.

3. 问：BC Code是什么？大副需关注哪些内容？

答：BC Code即《国际海运固体散装货物规则》。大副需熟悉货物特性（如流动性、易流态化特性）、适运水分极限（TML）及装载要求。

Q: What is BC Code? What should the chief officer pay attention to?

A: BC Code is the International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes Code. The chief officer should be familiar with cargo characteristics (such as fluidity and liquefaction tendency), transportable moisture limit (TML) and loading requirements.

4. 问：散货船装卸货时如何避免货损？

答：控制抓斗高度，避免货物混装，监督装卸工人的操作，雨天及时关闭货舱等。

Q: How to avoid cargo damage during loading and unloading of bulk carriers?

A: Control the height of the grab, avoid cargo mixing, supervise the operation of stevedores, and close the cargo hold in rainy days, etc.

5. 问：如何监控货物易流态化风险？

答：装货前查验货物水分含量证书（查看TML与实际水分的比例），航行中定期检查货物表面是否有渗水或液化现象。

Q: How to monitor the risk of cargo liquefaction?

A: Check the cargo moisture content certificate (check the ratio of TML to actual moisture) before loading, and regularly inspect whether the cargo surface is seeping or liquefying during navigation.

二、应急处理类 (Emergency Handling)

6. 问：航行中货物移位如何处理？

答：立即减速或调整航向以减少船舶横摇，评估船舶稳性，必要时寻求避难港重新平舱。

Q: How to handle cargo shifting during navigation?

A: Immediately reduce speed or adjust course to reduce ship rolling, evaluate stability, and seek a refuge port for re-trimming if necessary.

7. 问：货舱起火时大副的职责？

答：启动应急预案，封闭货舱并使用CO₂灭火，组织人员隔离火源，监控货物温度，记录事故过程。

Q: What are the chief officer's responsibilities when a cargo hold catches fire?

A: Activate the emergency plan, close the cargo hold for CO₂ fire extinguishing, organize personnel to isolate the fire source, monitor cargo temperature, and record the accident process.

8. 问：船舶搁浅后大副需做哪些检查？

答：协同轮机部检查船体破损、货舱进水及油舱泄漏情况，测量六面吃水以评估船舶状态。

Q: What inspections should the chief officer conduct after the ship runs aground?

A: Cooperate with the engine department to check hull damage, cargo hold flooding and oil tank leakage, and measure the six-sided draft to evaluate the ship's condition.

9. 问：遇到恶劣天气如何保护货物？

答：提前封舱并加固，检查货舱盖的水密性，航行中避免船舶谐摇，必要时调整航向和航速。

Q: How to protect cargo in severe weather?

A: Seal and reinforce the hold in advance, check the watertightness of the cargo hatch cover, avoid synchronous rolling of the ship during navigation, and adjust course and speed if necessary.

10. 问：发现货舱货物液化怎么办？

答：立即停止通风，避免船舶横摇加剧液化，向船长报告，必要时就近避难。

Q: What to do if cargo liquefaction is found in the hold?

A: Immediately stop ventilation, avoid ship rolling to aggravate liquefaction, report to the captain, and take refuge nearby if necessary.

三、管理能力类 (Management Ability)

11. 问：如何管理甲板部团队？

答：明确分工与责任，定期开展培训，实施公平考核，注重沟通及船员的心理状态。

Q: How to manage the deck department team?

A: Clarify division of labor and responsibilities, conduct regular training, implement fair assessment, and pay attention to communication and crew's psychological state.

12. 问：装卸货期间与工头发生分歧如何处理？

答：依据装卸计划和安全规范进行沟通，上报船长或港口代理协调，同时保留书面记录。

Q: How to handle disputes with the foreman during loading and unloading?

A: Communicate according to the loading and unloading plan and safety regulations, report to the captain or port agent for coordination, and keep written records.

13. 问：如何确保甲板部维护保养计划执行？

答：制定月度计划并分解到个人，定期检查进度，结合PSC检查重点优先处理缺陷。

Q: How to ensure the implementation of the deck department's maintenance plan?

A: Formulate monthly plans and assign them to individuals, check progress regularly, and give priority to handling defects in combination with PSC inspection priorities.

14. 问：新船员不熟悉散货船操作怎么办？

答：安排结对培训，重点讲解货舱结构、装卸设备操作，开展模拟应急演练。

Q: What to do if new crew members are not familiar with bulk carrier operations?

A: Arrange paired training, focus on explaining cargo hold structure and loading/unloading equipment operation, and conduct simulated emergency drills.

15. 问：如何减少PSC检查缺陷？

答：日常按检查表自查（如货舱盖、压载系统、救生设备等），保持文件更新，整改历史缺陷。

Q: How to reduce PSC inspection deficiencies?

A: Conduct daily self-inspection according to the checklist (such as cargo hatch covers, ballast systems, life-saving equipment, etc.), keep documents updated, and rectify historical deficiencies.

四、法规与文件类 (Regulations and Documents)

16. 问：散货船需额外携带哪些证书？

答：包括BC Code符合证明、装载手册、稳性计算书、舱口强度证书等。

Q: What additional certificates must a bulk carrier carry?

A: These include BC Code compliance certificate, stowage manual, stability calculation sheet, hatch strength certificate, etc.

17. 问：SOLAS对散货船的特殊要求？

答：例如货舱高位报警、压载舱双壳保护、定期结构检查（ESP）等。

Q: What are the special requirements of SOLAS for bulk carriers?

A: These include cargo hold high-level alarm, double hull protection for ballast tanks, regular structural inspections (ESP), etc.

18. 问：如何填写货物记录簿？

答：记录装卸时间、货量、平舱情况、天气条件等，需经船长签字确认。

Q: How to fill in the cargo record book?

A: Record loading and unloading time, cargo quantity, trimming situation, weather conditions, etc., which need to be signed and confirmed by the captain.

19. 问：大副在ISM体系中的职责？

答：落实体系文件要求，报告不符合项，组织甲板部的安全会议和演练。

Q: What are the chief officer's responsibilities in the ISM system?

A: Implement the requirements of the system documents, report non-conformities, and organize safety meetings and drills for the deck department.

20. 问：MLC 2006对大副工作的影响？

答：需关注船员工作时间、居住条件、食品供应等方面的合规性。

Q: What impact does MLC 2006 have on the chief officer's work?

A: Need to pay attention to the compliance of crew working hours, living conditions, food supply, etc.

五、实操技术类 (Practical Skills)

21. 问：散货船靠泊时大副的职责？

答：提前检查甲板设备（缆绳、导缆器、拖缆桩等）的状态及数量是否满足靠泊需求；与船长、引航员确认靠泊方案，明确缆绳作业分工；指挥甲板部船员准备好前后缆，根据指令及时松放或收紧；监控船舶动态，及时向船长反馈缆绳受力、船体与码头间距等情况；靠泊后确认缆绳固定牢固，协助做好安全防护（如放置碰垫、架设安全网）。

Q: What are the chief officer's responsibilities when a bulk carrier berths?

A: Check in advance whether the condition and quantity of deck equipment (mooring ropes, fairleads, bollards, etc.) meet the berthing requirements; confirm the berthing plan with the captain and pilot, and clarify the division of labor for mooring rope operations; direct deck crew to prepare fore and aft ropes, and release or tighten them in time according to instructions; monitor the ship's movement and timely feed back to the captain on the rope tension, the distance between the hull and the wharf, etc.; after berthing, confirm that the ropes are firmly fixed and assist in safety protection (such as placing fenders, erecting safety nets).

22. 问：使用克令吊装卸货的注意事项？

答：检查钢丝绳磨损情况，禁止超载，避免急停急起，大风天气停止作业。

Q: What are the precautions for loading and unloading with a crane?

A: Check the wear condition of the wire rope, prohibit overloading, avoid sudden stop and start, and stop operation in strong winds.

23. 问：如何测量货舱污水井？

答：使用专用测深尺，记录数据并与装货前进行对比，发现异常时排查泄漏情况。

Q: How to measure the cargo hold bilge well?

A: Use a special sounding rod, record data and compare it with that before loading, and check for leaks in case of abnormalities.

24. 问：压载水操作的关键步骤？

答：遵循压载水管理计划，避免超应力，记录操作时间、数量及排放位置。

Q: What are the key steps of ballast water operation?

A: Follow the ballast water management plan, avoid overstress, and record the operation time, quantity and discharge location.

25. 问：货舱通风有哪些方式？

答：有自然通风（开舱盖）和机械通风（风机）两种方式，需根据货物特性选择。

Q: What are the ways of cargo hold ventilation?

A: There are two ways: natural ventilation (opening the hatch cover) and mechanical ventilation (fan), which should be selected according to cargo characteristics.

六、环保与安全类

26. 问：散货船如何执行MARPOL公约的防污要求？

答：确保油类记录簿规范填写；压载水排放前处理或报告；垃圾分类存放并按规定排放；装运粉尘货物时控制扬尘。

Q: How do bulk carriers implement the pollution prevention requirements of the MARPOL Convention?

A: Ensure proper filling of oil record books; treat or report ballast water before discharge; store garbage separately and discharge as specified; control dust when carrying dusty cargo.

27. 问：货舱污水井含油超标如何处理？

答：立即停止排放；启用油水分离器；记录并报告船长；必要时联系岸上接收设施。

Q: What to do if the oil content in the cargo hold bilge well exceeds the standard?

A: Immediately stop discharge; activate the oil-water separator; record and report to the captain; contact shore reception facilities if necessary.

28. 问：如何避免装卸货时的粉尘污染？

答：喷洒水雾抑尘；关闭生活区门窗；督促码头使用防尘罩；佩戴防护口罩。

Q: How to avoid dust pollution during loading and unloading?

A: Spray water mist to suppress dust; close doors and windows of living areas; urge the wharf to use dust covers; wear protective masks.

29. 问：散货船进入排放控制区（ECA）前需准备什么？

答：切换低硫燃油；检查燃油转换记录；确保硫含量符合要求；通知轮机部协同操作。

Q: What preparations are needed before a bulk carrier enters an Emission Control Area (ECA)?

A: Switch to low-sulfur fuel; check fuel conversion records; ensure sulfur content meets requirements; notify the engine department for coordinated operation.

30. 问：如何组织甲板部的安全会议？

答：每周一次，内容涵盖事故案例分析、近期风险提示、船员安全建议；记录并存档。

Q: How to organize safety meetings for the deck department?

A: Hold once a week, covering accident case analysis, recent risk reminders, and crew safety suggestions; record and file.

七、沟通协调类

31. 问：船长与引航员意见冲突时大副如何应对？

答：以船长决策为准；私下提醒船长风险；记录沟通细节以备后续核查。

Q: How should the chief officer respond to conflicts between the captain and the pilot?

A: Prioritize the captain's decision; privately remind the captain of risks; record communication details for subsequent verification.

32. 问：如何向轮机部申请紧急维修货舱设备？

答：书面提交维修申请单；明确优先级和影响；提供必要协助（如搭脚手架）。

Q: How to apply to the engine department for emergency repair of cargo hold equipment?

A: Submit a written maintenance application; clarify priority and impact; provide necessary assistance (e.g., setting up scaffolding).

33. 问：装卸货时如何与码头高效协作？

答：提前交换装卸计划；明确双方责任人；实时沟通进度与问题；保留签字确认记录。

Q: How to collaborate efficiently with the wharf during loading and unloading?

A: Exchange loading/unloading plans in advance; clarify responsible persons on both sides; communicate progress and issues in real time; keep signed confirmation records.

34. 问：船员投诉伙食质量差如何处理？

答：调查库存和采购记录；与厨师沟通改进；必要时申请靠港补充新鲜食材。

Q: How to handle crew complaints about poor food quality?

A: Investigate inventory and purchase records; communicate with the cook for improvement; apply for fresh ingredients when calling at a port if necessary.

35. 问：如何向船东报告重大货损？

答：先汇总证据（照片、记录）；书面报告事件经过、原因及补救措施；抄送船长和管理公司。

Q: How to report major cargo damage to the shipowner?

A: First collect evidence (photos, records); submit a written report on the incident, causes, and remedies; copy to the captain and management company.

八、特殊货物类

36. 问：装运煤炭时需注意哪些风险？

答：监测甲烷和氧气浓度（防爆炸）；控制货物温度（防自燃）；禁止吸烟和明火。

Q: What risks should be noted when carrying coal?

A: Monitor methane and oxygen concentrations (to prevent explosion); control cargo temperature (to prevent spontaneous combustion); prohibit smoking and open flames.

37. 问：谷物类货物的配载原则？

答：按《国际谷物规则》平舱；计算谷物移动对稳性的影响；使用防移板或固定装置。

Q: What are the stowage principles for grain cargo?

A: Trim according to the International Grain Code; calculate the impact of grain shifting on stability; use shifting boards or fixing devices.

38. 问：如何运输易自燃的硫磺？

答：装货前检查货物温度证书；航行中定期测温；保持货舱密闭和惰化（如适用）。

Q: How to transport combustible sulfur?

A: Check the cargo temperature certificate before loading; measure temperature regularly during navigation; keep the cargo hold sealed and inerted (if applicable).

39. 问：镍矿货物的高风险性体现在哪？

答：易流态化导致船舶倾覆；必须查验TML和水分含量；拒绝装载不合格货物。

下一篇大副面试职业素养与情景模拟地址：https://edu.greenblogs.cn/article/3506  https://edu.greenblogs.cn/article/3508