甲类船长面试问题及参考答案（中英文对照）
七、货物管理与货运文件 (Cargo Management and Shipping Documents)
31. 问：散装谷物配载需特别注意什么？
答： 遵守《国际谷物规则》的平舱要求防止货物移动；计算稳性时考虑谷物倾侧力矩。
Q: What special attention is needed for stowage of bulk grain?
A: Comply with trimming requirements in the International Grain Code to prevent cargo shifting; consider grain heeling moment when calculating stability.
32. 问：如何确认煤炭货物的适运性（IMSBC规则）？
答： 检查货物声明（水分含量、适运水分极限），装货前进行适运水分极限测试。
Q: How to confirm the fitness for carriage of coal cargo (per IMSBC Code)?
A: Check the cargo declaration (Moisture Content, TML) and conduct TML testing before loading.
33. 问：Cargo Securing Manual内容有哪些？
答： 包括货物系固设备规格、最大受力计算、不同海况下的系固方案。
Q: What does the Cargo Securing Manual contain?
A: It includes specifications of cargo securing equipment, maximum force calculations, and securing schemes under different sea conditions.
34. 问：货物短少争议如何处理？
答： 提供装卸港水尺检验报告、大副收据和提单作为证据。
Q: How to handle disputes over cargo shortage?
A: Provide draft survey reports at loading/discharging ports, Mate’s Receipt, and Bill of Lading as evidence.
35. 问：如何防止货舱冷凝水损坏货物？
答： 装货前确保货舱干燥；航行中控制通风（计算露点）；使用防潮衬垫。
Q: How to prevent cargo damage from hold condensation?
A: Ensure holds are dry before loading; control ventilation during voyage (dew point calculation); use moisture-proof liners.
八、机械设备与维护 (Mechanical Equipment and Maintenance)
36. 问：舵机失灵时的应急操作？
答： 切换至应急舵；通知机舱检查液压系统；发布航行警告；必要时抛锚。
Q: Emergency operations when the steering gear fails?
A: Switch to emergency steering; notify engine room to inspect hydraulic system; issue navigational warnings; anchor if necessary.
37. 问：主机滑油消耗异常的可能原因？
答： 活塞环磨损、涡轮增压器漏油、滑油分油机故障或燃烧室渗漏。
Q: Possible causes of abnormal main engine lube oil consumption?
A: Piston ring wear, turbocharger oil leakage, lube oil separator failure, or combustion chamber leakage.
38. 问：如何管理船舶能效（SEEMP）？
答： 记录燃油消耗、优化航速（慢速航行）、使用轴带发电机。
Q: How to manage ship energy efficiency (SEEMP)?
A: Record fuel consumption, optimize speed (Slow Steaming), and use shaft generator (PTO).
39. 问：锅炉水位过低如何处理？
答： 立即停炉避免干烧；检查给水系统；冷却后逐步补水。
Q: How to handle low boiler water level?
A: Stop the boiler immediately to avoid dry firing; inspect the feed water system; replenish water gradually after cooling.
40. 问：油水分离器（OWS）排放超标怎么办？
答： 停止排放，检查15ppm报警器；清洗或更换滤芯；记录入油类记录簿。
Q: What to do if OWS discharge exceeds limits?
A: Stop discharge, check 15ppm alarm; clean or replace filters; record in Oil Record Book.
九、应急与搜救（SAR） (Emergency and Search and Rescue)
41. 问：收到遇险船舶信号（DSC）后的行动？
答： 确认位置并回复确认信号；保持守听16频道；协调附近船艇救援；报告搜救协调中心。
Q: Actions after receiving a distress signal (DSC) from a ship?
A: Confirm position and send ACK; maintain watch on Channel 16; coordinate rescue with nearby vessels; report to RCC.
42. 问：人员落水后的MOB程序？
答： 立即抛下带GPS信标的救生圈；执行威廉逊旋回；发布PAN-PAN警报。
Q: MOB procedures after a person falls overboard?
A: Immediately deploy lifebuoy with GPS beacon; perform Williamson Turn; issue PAN-PAN alert.
43. 问：全船失电时如何恢复动力？
答： 启动应急发电机；优先恢复舵机、通讯和照明；排查主配电板故障。
Q: How to restore power during total ship blackout?
A: Start emergency generator; prioritize restoring steering gear, communication, and lighting; troubleshoot main switchboard faults.
44. 问：封闭空间进入程序？
答： 测氧（21%）、测爆（<1% LEL）、测毒；专人监护；签发进入许可。
Q: Confined space entry procedures?
A: Test oxygen (21%), flammables (<1% LEL), and toxins; assign a standby person; issue entry permit.
45. 问：如何应对货舱硫化氢（H₂S）泄漏？
答： 佩戴正压呼吸器；封闭货舱；启动通风系统；监测气体浓度。
Q: How to handle H₂S leakage in cargo holds?
A: Wear positive-pressure respirators; seal the hold; activate ventilation; monitor gas concentration.
十、港口与商业运营 (Port and Commercial Operations)
46. 问：滞期费（Demurrage）争议如何避免？
答： 精确记录装卸时间（准备就绪通知书、事实记录）；及时提交准备就绪通知书。
Q: How to avoid demurrage disputes?
A: Precisely record laytime (NOR, SoF); submit Notice of Readiness (NOR) promptly.
47. 问：租船合同（CP）中的“WIBON”条款含义？
答： “Whether in Berth or Not”——无论是否靠泊，只要船舶到港即可起算装卸时间。
Q: What does the "WIBON" clause in a charter party (CP) mean?
A: "Whether in Berth or Not" – laytime starts when the ship arrives at the port, regardless of berthing status.
48. 问：如何应对港口装卸设备损坏索赔？
答： 拍照取证；要求工头签署事故报告；通知船东互保协会介入。
Q: How to handle claims for damage to port loading/unloading equipment?
A: Take photos as evidence; request foreman to sign accident report; notify P&I Club for involvement.
49. 问：提单（B/L）与舱单不符怎么办？
答： 立即联系租家/发货人修改；如已签发需申请提单更正。
Q: What if Bill of Lading (B/L) conflicts with manifest?
A: Immediately contact charterer/shipper for correction; apply for B/L amendment if already issued.
50. 问：船舶被港口滞留（Detention）后的行动？
答： 配合港口国监督整改；通知船旗国和船级社；申请复查以解除滞留。
Q: Actions after ship detention by port authorities?
A: Cooperate with PSC rectification; notify flag state and classification society; apply for re-inspection to lift detention.
十一、航行技术与电子设备 (Navigation Technology and Electronic Equipment)
51. 问：GPS信号丢失时的替代导航方法？
答： 使用雷达定位、天文观测或罗兰-C（如可用）。
Q: Alternative navigation methods when GPS signal is lost?
A: Use radar positioning, celestial navigation, or LORAN-C (if available).
52. 问：AIS信息显示错误如何排查？
答： 检查MMSI设置、天线连接；重启AIS设备；验证静态/动态数据输入。
Q: How to troubleshoot incorrect AIS information display?
A: Check MMSI settings, antenna connections; restart AIS device; verify static/dynamic data input.
53. 问：电子海图（ENC）更新频率要求？
答： 每周通过电子海图显示与信息系统供应商或光盘更新，保留更新记录备查。
Q: Update frequency requirements for Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC)?
A: Update weekly via ECDIS provider or CD-ROM; retain update records for inspection.
54. 问：雷达ARPA目标丢失的可能原因？
答： 海况干扰、目标过小、天线故障或参数设置不当。
Q: Possible causes of radar ARPA target loss?
A: Sea clutter interference, small target size, antenna failure, or incorrect parameter settings.
55. 问：GMDSS设备月度测试内容？
答： 测试数字选择性呼叫（DSC）呼叫、应急无线电示位标自检、搜救雷达应答器响应、备用电源切换。
Q: Monthly testing items for GMDSS equipment?
A: Test DSC calls, EPIRB self-check, SART response, and backup power switchover.
十二、环保与法规 (Environmental Protection and Regulations)
56. 问：如何处置船舶垃圾（MARPOL附则V）？
答： 分类存储；塑料禁止入海；食品垃圾粉碎后距岸≥12海里排放。
Q: How to dispose of ship garbage (MARPOL Annex V)?
A: Store separately; plastics prohibited from discharge; food waste discharged ≥12nm from shore after comminution.
57. 问：低硫燃油（LSFO）转换注意事项？
答： 进入排放控制区前完成切换；记录时间、位置和油温；冲洗燃油系统。
Q: Precautions for switching to low-sulfur fuel oil (LSFO)?
A: Complete switching before entering ECA; record time, position, and oil temperature; flush fuel system.
58. 问：EGCS（脱硫塔）使用限制？
答： 需符合IMO 2020硫限值；禁止在封闭港口/敏感区域排放洗涤水。
Q: Usage restrictions for EGCS (scrubbers)?
A: Must comply with IMO 2020 sulfur limits; prohibited from discharging wash water in enclosed ports/sensitive areas.
59. 问：如何记录油污水的排放？
答： 在《油类记录簿》第二部分注明时间、船位、排放量及分离设备状态。
Q: How to record oily water discharge?
A: Note time, position, discharge volume, and separator status in Oil Record Book Part II.
60. 问：NOx Technical File包含哪些内容？
答： 发动机参数、排放测试报告、改装记录和合规证明（Tier I/II/III）。
Q: What does the NOx Technical File contain?
A: Engine parameters, emission test reports, modification records, and compliance certificates (Tier I/II/III).
十三、案例分析 (Case Analysis)
61. 问：某轮因货舱进水沉没，可能原因？
答： 舱盖密封失效、压载舱穿孔、货物液化导致自由液面或结构疲劳裂缝。
Q: Possible causes for a ship sinking due to cargo hold flooding?
A: Hatch cover seal failure, ballast tank puncture, cargo liquefaction causing free surface effect, or structural fatigue cracks.
62. 问：船员在货舱窒息死亡，责任如何划分？
答： 船长未执行封闭空间进入程序负主责；公司培训不足负连带责任。
Q: How to assign liability for crew death from asphyxiation in a cargo hold?
A: Captain bears primary responsibility for failing to implement confined space procedures; company bears joint liability for insufficient training.
63. 问：船舶因压载水违规被罚款，如何申诉？
答： 提供排放记录、处理日志或第三方检测报告证明合规。
Q: How to appeal a fine for ballast water violations?
A: Provide discharge records, treatment logs, or third-party test reports to prove compliance.
64. 问：租家指控航速不足（Underperformance）如何反驳？
答： 出示航海日志中风浪记录、主机功率曲线和燃油质量报告。
Q: How to refute charterer’s claim of underperformance (speed deficiency)?
A: Present weather records in logbook, main engine power curves, and fuel quality reports.
65. 问：PSC检查开出“ISM重大不符合”如何处理？
答： 15日内提交整改报告，包括根本原因分析和纠正措施。
Q: How to handle a "major non-conformity" in ISM during PSC inspection?
A: Submit a rectification report within 15 days, including root cause analysis (RCA) and corrective actions.
十四、情景模拟进阶 (Advanced Scenario Simulation)
66. 问：台风路径突变，距本船50海里，如何决策？
答： 立即转向远离危险象限；计算避台航线；申请绕航许可（如适用）。
Q: Typhoon path suddenly shifts, 50 nautical miles from the ship – how to decide?
A: Immediately alter course to move away from dangerous quadrant; calculate typhoon avoidance route; apply for deviation permission if applicable.
67. 问：引航员坚持危险操作（如狭水道追越）怎么办？
答： 行使船长最终决策权，拒绝执行并记录在航海日志。
Q: What if a pilot insists on dangerous operations (e.g., overtaking in narrow channels)?
68. 问：船员集体食物中毒，如何应急？
答： 启动医疗应急预案；隔离可疑食品；请求岸基医疗支援；优先靠港。
Q: Emergency response to mass food poisoning among crew?
A: Activate medical emergency plan; isolate suspect food; request shore-based medical support; prioritize port call.
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